Several evolutionary algorithms (EAs) applied to a wide class of communication network design problems modelled under the generalized Steiner problem (GSP) are evaluated. In order to provide a fault-tolerant design, a solution to this problem consists of a preset number of independent paths linking each pair of potentially communicating terminal nodes. This usually requires considering intermed...

We introduce concurrent Kleene algebra with tests (CKAT) as a combination of Kleene algebra with tests (KAT) of Kozen and Smith with concurrent Kleene algebras (CKA), introduced by Hoare, Möller, Struth and Wehrman. CKAT provides a relatively simple algebraic model for reasoning about semantics of concurrent programs. We generalize guarded strings to guarded series-parallel strings, or gsp-stri...

Every agent reports his willingness to pay for one unit of a good. A mechanism allocates goods and cost shares to some agents. We characterize the group strategyproof (GSP ) mechanisms under two alternative continuity conditions interpreted as tie-breaking rules. With the maximalist rule (MAX) an indifferent agent is always served. With the minimalist rule (MIN) an indifferent agent does not ge...

We introduce a study of position auctions, with an explicit modeling of user navigation through ads. We refer to our model as the PPA model, since it is most applicable in the context of pay-per-action position auctions. In this model, which is consistent with other recent approaches to user modeling, a typical user searches sequentially over the ordered list of ads. At each point the user has ...

Sponsored search advertising has grown rapidly since the last decade and is now a significant revenue source for search engines. To ameliorate revenues, search engines often set fixed or variable reserve price to in influence advertisers’ bidding. This paper studies and compares two pricing mechanisms: the generalized second-price auction (GSP) where the winner at the last ad position pays the ...

Procyanidins present in grape seeds are known to exert anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and anti-allergic activities, prevent skin aging, scavenge oxygen free radicals and inhibit UV radiation-induced peroxidation activity. Since most of these events are associated with the tumor promotion stage of carcinogenesis, these studies suggest that grape seed polyphenols and the procyanidins present t...

The right to education is crucial for solving gender inequalities in developing countries. Set against the backdrop of persistent disparities starting from primary level Pakistan, using capability approach, this article analyses Punjab province through effectiveness Girls’ Stipend Programme (GSP) on girls’ educational opportunities a mixed methods approach. GSP, aims increase female enrolment p...

This paper investigates the physical reasons for apparently poor conductivity of galvanized steel plates (GSP), which has not yet received a proper explanation. Apparent conductivities as low 0.1 MS/m were reported in past, are incongruously compared to DC steels (4 8 MS/m), or zinc (16.7 most common coating agent used against corrosion products. A comprehensive review results from metallurgy a...

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