IL-21 has been shown to play an important role in the CD8 T cell response during acute and chronic viral infections. However, the role of IL-21 signaling in the CD4 T cell response to viral infection remains incompletely defined. In a model of infection with vaccinia virus, we show that intrinsic IL-21 signaling on CD4 T cells was critical for the formation of memory CD4 T cells in vivo. We fur...

Comparison of human sequences with the DNA of other mammals is an excellent means of identifying functional elements in the human genome. Here we describe the utility of high-density oligonucleotide arrays as a rapid approach for comparing human sequences with the DNA of multiple species whose sequences are not presently available. High-density arrays representing approximately 22.5 Mb of nonre...

The transition to digital in the TV broadcasting industry is already gradually being performed while the complete digital switchover seems now possible to be accomplished within the near future. This article describes and analyses this phenomenon and the role of MPEG-21 may play in it. MPEG-21 is the ISO/IEC standard currently under development in MPEG (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11). Unlike preceding...

The visual system adapts to its environment. Some adaptive changes are detrimental-perception is no longer veridical. Others are beneficial-the ability to discriminate two stimuli improves. The latter may reflect the visual system's ability to zoom-in on the currently relevant properties of the environment. We studied the neural basis of adaptive changes in the middle temporal area (MT) of maca...

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is involved in hyper-proliferative diseases such as cancer and pulmonary arterial hypertension. We have synthesized inhibitors that are selective for the two isoforms of sphingosine kinase (SK1 and SK2) that catalyze the synthesis of S1P. A thiourea adduct of sphinganine (F02) is selective for SK2 whereas the 1-deoxysphinganines 55-21 and 77-7 are selective for SK1...

The prevalence of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to methacholine inhalation in a consecutive series of 21 patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome was studied prospectively. Slight to severe BHR was seen in 12/20 (60%) of the patients. Ten of 12 patients with BHR (83%) had a non-productive cough, wheezing, or intermittent breathlessness. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness was more common in pat...

Background: The aim of this study was to test Viusid and Asbrip as adjuvants the standard treatment patients with COVID-19 disease which could favor recovery reduce hospitalization days. Design: This is a randomized, open-label, controlled trial determine efficacy safety in hospitalized mild moderate symptoms COVID-19. Material Methods: A total 60 proven by PCR were randomized 2:1 ratio. In act...

OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of factor VIII specific inhibitors in haemophilia A. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY National Institute of Blood Disease and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Karachi, from August 2007 to March 2009. METHODOLOGY Venous blood samples of diagnosed haemophilia A patients were collected in tubes containing 0.109 M (3.2%) trisodiu...

OBJECTIVE  To examine the effect of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) versus surgical replacement of an aortic valve (SAVR) in patients with severe aortic stenosis at low and intermediate risk of perioperative death. DESIGN  Systematic review and meta-analysis DATA SOURCES:  Medline, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL. STUDY SELECTION  Randomized trials of TAVI compared with SAVR in ...