Lead poisoning existed and was already known in Antiquity but was forgotten, at least in the literature, until the end of the Middle Ages, where it was mentioned sporadically. In the 19th century this disease, which reached epidemic dimensions during the period of industrialization, was "rediscovered." Several comprehensive clinical articles appeared in the literature. The clinical picture deep...

Recent reconstructions of Northern Hemisphere temperatures and climate forcing over the past 1000 years allow the warming of the 20th century to be placed within a historical context and various mechanisms of climate change to be tested. Comparisons of observations with simulations from an energy balance climate model indicate that as much as 41 to 64% of preanthropogenic (pre-1850) decadal-sca...

[1] Multi-century sea-level records and climate models indicate an acceleration of sea-level rise, but no 20th century acceleration has previously been detected. A reconstruction of global sea level using tide-gauge data from 1950 to 2000 indicates a larger rate of rise after 1993 and other periods of rapid sea-level rise but no significant acceleration over this period. Here, we extend the rec...

This article illustrates how functional neuroimaging can be used to test the validity of neurological and cognitive models of language. Three models of language are described: the 19th Century neurological model which describes both the anatomy and cognitive components of auditory and visual word processing, and 2 20th Century cognitive models that are not constrained by anatomy but emphasise 2...

At a time of increasing globalization of much popular culture, we observe not a rise but a marked fall in the spatial homogeneity of the popularity of first names across the United States in recent decades. We explain this apparent paradox by calibrating a modified standard model of neutral cultural evolution to the record of first name popularities for the United as a whole since 1900 and acro...

the main purpose of this study is to provide a historical perspective on intellectual development trends of educational administration during the 20th century. to achieve this goal, documentary method was used. a review of historical events shows that in the intellectual history of educational administration, extended efforts have been done to avoid confusion for creating knowledge base of educ...

The most recent report from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provided compelling evidence on the effect of human release of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels and deforestation on the global climate change. 1 The IPCC estimate that since the mid-19th century there has been an increase in average temperature of 0.6 C, most of this increase occurring at the end...

Although the 20th Century warming of global climate is well known, climate change in the high-latitude Southern Hemisphere (SH), especially in the first half of the century, remains poorly documented. We present a composite of water stable isotope data from high-resolution ice cores from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. This record, representative of West Antarctic surface temperature, shows extre...

Theories of emergence have had a longstanding influence on psychological thought. Emergentism rejects both reductionism and holism; emergentists are scientific materialists, and yet argue that reductionist explanation may not always be scientifically feasible. I begin by summarizing the history of emergence in psychology and sociology, from the mid-19th century through the mid-20th century. I t...