The urgent need for an effective monitoring scheme for grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) populations led us to investigate the effort required to detect changes in populations of low-density dispersed animals, using sign (mainly scats and tracks) they leave on trails. We surveyed trails in Glacier National Park for bear tracks and scats during five consecutive years. Using these data, we modeled the ...

this paper explores people’s behavior when they are facing financial risks. through the setting of an economics experiment, people’s willingness to bear financial risks and their tendency to impose risks on others are investigated. the experiment result shows that most people are risk-neutral or risk-averse when making decision under financial environment, and their tendency to impose risks on ...

A novel antibody-based protein microarray was developed that simultaneously determines expression of 31 stress-associated proteins in skin samples collected from free-ranging grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in Alberta, Canada. The microarray determines proteins belonging to four broad functional categories associated with stress physiology: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis proteins, apoptosis/c...

Abstract There are five grizzly bear ( Ursus arctos horribilis ) populations in the lower 48 states of United States. My goal this Commentary was to ascertain whether genetic diversity is being lost from isolated GYE population and better understand any viability implications. I reviewed scientific literature, including two key studies that US Fish Wildlife Service (USFWS) relied upon for their...

the purpose of this study is to examine the meaning transformation of despotism signifier from safavid era to the rising of iranian despotism discourse in qajar era. the method is archaeology and the study is focused on the relations of the meaning transformation with discourse practices. pre-modern texts were investigated for the significance of despotism. the results suggested that these sign...

This paper explores people’s behavior when they are facing financial risks. Through the setting of an economics experiment, people’s willingness to bear financial risks and their tendency to impose risks on others are investigated. The experiment result shows that most people are risk-neutral or risk-averse when making decision under financial environment, and their tendency to impose risks on ...