Introducing concerns about land fertility for landlords in a Principal –Agent model of sharecropping with moral hazard, we show that the optimal contract under limited commitment reflects a trade-off between production and land quality maintenance. Using data from the Philippines, a model where the leasing out and contract choices are simultaneous is estimated and avoids the selectivity bias of...

The study sets out to assess the link between land leasing behavior and productivity differentials between male and female headed households. A non-cooperative game model with double-moral hazard allowed us to show that landlord’s tenure insecurity leads to sub-optimal level of effort on tenant’s part. The landlord’s enforcement ability is also shown to increase the optimal level of effort. The...

In 2008 the International Food & Agricultural Trade Policy Council (IPC) and the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) launched The ICTSD-IPC Platform on Climate Change, Agriculture and Trade. This interdisciplinary platform of climate change, agricultural and trade experts seeks to promote increased policy coherence to ensure effective climate change mitigation and...

Using panel data from rural Ethiopia, the article discusses the determinants of consumption growth (1989–1997), based on a microgrowth model, controlling for heterogeneity. Consumption grew substantially, but with diverse experiences across villages and individuals. Rainfall shocks have a substantial impact on consumption growth, which persists for many years. There also is a persistent growth ...

The costs of living with wildlife are assessed using Namibian subsistence farmers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for deterrents to attacks on crops and livestock as a measure of damage costs. A utility-theoretic approach jointly estimates household WTP for deterrent programs in two “currencies,” maize and cash. This has a double payoff. Use of a noncash staple increases respondent comprehension and ...

Background & Objective: Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with t(15;17)(q22;q12) is a relatively common subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML).  Here, our objective was to ascertain the survival of patients with this leukemia in north-east of Iran. Methods: Survival rates of 42 APL patients with t(15;17)(q22;q12) were assessed. Clinical information was ...

An artificial neural network is a system based on the operation of biological neural networks, in other words, is an emulation of biological neural system. Artificial Neural Networks or simply Neural Networks are powerful general purpose computing tools. They have become popular in the analysis of remotely sensed data, particularly in classification or feature extraction from image data more ac...