Marine protected areas (MPAs) have been recommended as an essential conservation tool for ecosystems and fisheries, with MPA coverage increasing four-fold globally since 2000. Despite the increased usage of MPAs, empirical results scientists are divided on effectiveness MPAs to reach their management goals. In 2009, South Atlantic Fishery Management Council established eight deep-water partiall...

Marine spatial planning (MSP) is increasingly utilized to sustainably manage ocean uses. Marine protected areas (MPAs), a form of spatial management in which parts of the ocean are regulated to fishing, are now a common tool in MSP for conserving marine biodiversity and managing fisheries. However, the use of MPAs in MSP often neglects, or simplifies, the redistribution of fishing and non-fishi...

Background: A prospective randomized study was used to compare surgery times for laparoscopic ovariectomy and salpingectomy in female African lion (Panthera leo) (n = 14) and cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) (n = 20) and to compare the use of a multiple portal access system (MPAS) and single portal access system (SPAS) between groups. Two different portal techniques were used, namely MPAS (three sepa...

The efficacy of marine protected areas (MPAs) depends on their governance and management. We review history in South Africa recognise four periods. Period 1 (1964–1994) provided initial protection but was based exclusionary, preservationist policies, ad hoc the absence a national plan, neglected social considerations. 2 (1994–2010) began introducing people-oriented focused ecosystems rather tha...

The implementation of large-scale marine protected areas (MPAs) depends upon scarce conservation resources, while their effects on biodiversity are rarely assessed to date. Quantitative evaluations necessary assess the effectiveness MPAs in enhancing ecosystem resilience, protecting biodiversity, and mitigating expanding threats. In this study, MPAs, which remotely managed offshore southwestern...

Coral reefs face an uncertain future under global climate change, with thermal-induced bleaching increasing in frequency such that corals will soon experience annual severe (ASB). Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are therefore becoming increasingly important as a conservation tool. Here we evaluate (i) Indonesia’s coral reefs’ spatial variation ASB, (ii) whether projected to have later onset of AS...

Marine protected areas (MPAs) could be useful as fisheries management tools for the exportation of pelagic eggs, larvae and adult fish. A decreasing gradient of fish biomass across MPAs boundary may indicate export. We determine whether gradients of decreasing biomass of fish assemblage occurred in Tabarca Marine Reserve over two habitats with different continuity across the boundaries, to test...

We present a disposable, normally closed, non-contact dispensing valve for the sub-μL range. The miniaturized solenoid valve (diameter: 8 mm, height: 27.25 mm) is compatible to standard Luer-Lock interfaces. A highly dynamic actuation principle enables opening times down to 1 ms. The dispensing performance was evaluated for water (η = 1.03 mPas) and a 66% (w/w) glycerol/water solution (η = 16.9...

Bandwidth and gain enhancement of microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) is proposed using reflective metasurface (RMS) as a superstrate. Two different types of the RMS, namelythe double split-ring resonator (DSR) and double closed-ring resonator (DCR) are separately investigated. The two antenna prototypes were manufactured, measured and compared. The experimental results confirm that the RMS loaded...