BACKGROUND The associations of glycemic load (GL) and glycemic index (GI) with the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are not well-established, particularly in men, and may be modified by gender. OBJECTIVE To assess whether high dietary GL and GI increase the risk of CVD in men and women. METHODS A large prospective cohort study (EPIC-MORGEN) was conducted within the general Dutch popula...

The accumulation of hydrophobic bile acids results in cholestatic liver injury by increasing oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and activation of cell signaling pathways. Licorice root and its constituents have been utilized as antihepatotoxic agents. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential modulation by a primary component of licorice root, glycyrrhizin (GL), and its ...

Cell entry of enveloped viruses requires a wide-fusion-pore mechanism, involving clustering of fusion-activated proteins and fluidization of the plasma membrane and viral envelope. In the present study, GL (glycyrrhizin) is reported to lower membrane fluidity, thus suppressing infection by HIV, influenza A virus and vesicular stomatitis virus, but not by poliovirus. GL-treated HIV-1 particles s...

Induction of germline (GL) epsilon transcripts, an essential step preceding Ig isotype switching to IgE, requires activation of transcription factors by IL-4 and a B cell activator, e.g., CD40 ligand or LPS. We demonstrate that AP-1 (Fos and Jun), induced transiently by CD40 ligand or LPS, binds a DNA element in the mouse GL epsilon promoter. AP-1 synergizes with Stat6 to activate both the inta...

OBJECTIVE To assess the effectiveness of a 20-week, broad intervention to prevent reinfection by Ascaris lumbricoides (AL) and Giardia lamblia (GL) among indigenous schoolchildren in northern Mexico. METHODS A prospective, comparative, ecological study. Two isolated boarding schools, each hosting 100-120 children, 4-15 years of age, were selected based on physical infrastructure: intervention...

Molt-induced claw muscle atrophy in decapod crustaceans facilitates exuviation and is coordinated by ecdysteroid hormones. There is a 4-fold reduction in mass accompanied by remodeling of the contractile apparatus, which is associated with an 11-fold increase in myofibrillar protein synthesis by the end of the premolt period. Loss of a walking limb or claw causes a loss of mass in the associate...

The effects of pH and sulfonated lignin (SL) on the saccharification of enzymatic hydrolysis were investigated using acid bisulfite (AS)and green liquor (GL)-pretreated poplar as substrates. The enzymatic sugar conversions of ASand GL-pretreated poplar could reach high levels at pH 4.8. The sugar conversions of both ASand GL-pretreated poplar solids increased when hydrophilic SL was used as an ...

For any abelian category C satsifying (AB5) over a separated, quasicompact scheme S , we construct a stack of 2-groups GL(C) over the flat site of S. We will give a concrete description of GL(C) when C is the category of quasi-coherent sheaves on a separated, quasi-compact scheme X over S. We will show that the tangent space gl(C) of GL(C) at the origin has a structure as a Lie 2-algebra.

We give a construction of finitely generated free algebras for Gödel-Löb provability logic, GL. On the semantic side, this construction yields a notion of canonical graded model for GL and a syntactic definition of those normal forms which are consistent with GL. Our two main techniques are incremental constructions of free algebras and finite duality for partial modal algebras. In order to app...

Let π = ⊗ p≤∞ πp be a cuspidal automorphic representation of GL(n) over Q. The adelic representation π is composed of π∞, an archimedean representation of GL(n,R), and nonarchimedean representations πp of GL(n,Qp) for each prime p. For all places p < ∞ outside of a finite set S, πp is unramified and parameterized by principal series parameters {αp,j}. Letting Ap ∈ GL(n,C) denote the diagonal ma...