The article analyzes the socio-political organization of the Pskov Veche republic in the 13th–15th centuries, particularly the changes in personnel and in competences of the Pskov princes, the authority and the officials of the princely administration. The article shows the evolution of the sotnia (a hundred unit) organization from the princely one into the republican one. The research reveals ...

In ancient times in Iran, infectious diseases of animals and human beings were referred to as choleraic diseases. Rhazes (9th century), followed by Avicenna (10th century), Jorjani (11th century) and others, had specific opinions on the cause and effect relationship in these diseases, which recall the fermentation theory of Louis Pasteur. In ancient Iran, the methods adopted for veterinary proc...

CONTEXT Traditional Iranian medicine (TIM) is a rich and valuable school of thought that believes medications are not the only effective approach for the treatment of diseases but that nutrition is also important. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Our study includes two parts; the first is a book review of the Canon of Medicine by Avicenna (10th and 11th centuries), in which we focus on finding and unders...

one of the great events in the history of iran is the emergence and spread of islam within the early hegira centuries.  the result of the interaction between islam and iran was transformations in many cultural dimensions and indices. this research states the problem of the islamization of iranian lifestyle andthe culture of purity and impurity, in particular.in this article,interpretive-analyti...

Leprosy is one of the most notorious diseases in history, widely associated with social stigma and exclusion. This study builds on previous work to reevaluate medicohistorical evidence for relation leprosy. achieved by isotopic palaeopathological analyses adolescent skeletons (10–25 years old) from Anglo-Scandinavian (10th–11th centuries AD) parish cemetery St. John at Castle Gate Norwich (East...

Church education boasts a rich history of achievements. European church (referred to as Catholic) was already present at the turn 9th and 10th centuries in Poland end 11th (schools educating future members clergy). In Poland, collapse marked by communist system (1945–1989), dynamic revival possible thanks democratic change 1989. At present, Catholic schools, i.e., schools run legal entities oth...

A group of 1st-graders who were administered a battery of reading tasks in a previous study were followed up as 11th graders. Ten years later, they were administered measures of exposure to print, reading comprehension, vocabulary, and general knowledge. First-grade reading ability was a strong predictor of all of the 11th-grade outcomes and remained so even when measures of cognitive ability w...

To complement discussions about vegetation history and climate variations in south Greenland, especially during the Norse settlement, we developed a sedimentological multiproxy approach to study 4300-year-old lacustrine core comprising pollen analysis, NPPs physical measurements (magnetic susceptibility, density, grain size), geochemical analyses (X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, elementa...

The article is a review of the book by Croatian historian Neven Budak «Croatian history from 550 to 1100» (Budak, Neven. Hrvatska povijest od 550. do 1100. Zagreb, Leykam international, 2018. 352 р.). Budak’s an innovative conceptual synthesis early medieval Croatia taking full account latest achievements in and archeology. From new theoretical methodological positions, examines processes trans...