Although glucocorticoids play an important role in the treatment of multiple myeloma, some patients do not respond or develop resistance. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a single gene, mediates the effects of glucocorticoids. Using a model system of a multiple myeloma cell line sensitive to glucocorticoids and its early and late resistant variants, we have analyzed mutations in the GR gene, d...

BACKGROUND Nasal polyposis (NP) is treated with topical glucocorticoids (GC). Some patients require endoscopic nasal surgery because GC treatment is ineffective. To exert its function, the GC needs to bind with the GC receptor (GR) and the GC-GR complex moves to the cell nucleus. Our aim was to establish whether the poor response to GC is due to an alteration in the translocation of the GR to t...

Antidepressants increase hippocampal neurogenesis by activating the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), but excessive GR activation impairs hippocampal neurogenesis, suggesting that normal GR function is crucial for hippocampal neurogenesis. Baicalin was reported to regulate the expression of GR and facilitate hippocampal neurogenesis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still unknown. In thi...

BACKGROUND/AIMS Glucocorticoid receptors (GR) mediate cellular processes which may be neuroprotective and/or neurotoxic to the neonatal rat brain. Our aim was to describe GR ontogeny in the developing rat brain cortex and changes in GR expression after permanent neonatal focal cerebral ischemia (FCI). METHODS GR Western blots and immunohistochemical stains were performed on neonatal rat corti...

Let v(G) and γ(G) denote the number of vertices and the domination number of a graph G, respectively, and let ρ(G) = γ(G)/v(G). In 1996 B. Reed conjectured that ifG is a cubic graph, then γ(G) ≤ ⌈v(G)/3⌉. In 2005 A. Kostochka and B. Stodolsky disproved this conjecture for cubic graphs of connectivity one and maintained that the conjecture may still be true for cubic 2-connected graphs. Their mi...

Green rust compounds (GR), i.e., Fe(II-III) layered double hydroxides, are important transient resulting from the corrosion of steel in seawater. The sulfated variety, GR(SO42?), was reported as one main components product layer, while chloride GR(Cl?), more rarely observed. carbonate GR(CO32?), is favored by an increase pH and forms preferentially cathodic areas metal surface. Since Mg(II) abu...

Glucocorticoids repress NFkappaB-mediated activation of proinflammatory genes such as interleukin-8 (IL-8) and ICAM-1. Our experiments suggest that the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) confers this effect by associating through protein-protein interactions with NFkappaB bound at each of these genes. That is, we show that the GR zinc binding region (ZBR), which includes the DNA binding and dimerizat...

BACKGROUND Dissociating glucocorticoid receptor (GR) ligands hold great promise for treating inflammatory disorders since it is assumed that they exert beneficial activities mediated by transrepression but avoid adverse effects of GR action requiring transactivation. Here we challenged this paradigm by investigating 2-(4-acetoxyphenyl)-2-chloro-N-methyl-ethylammonium chloride (CpdA), a dissocia...

In a search for secondary plant compounds that bind to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), the cyclobutane lignan endiandrin A was discovered from the rainforest tree Endiandra anthropophagorum Domin. Our present study aims to characterize the effect of endiandrin A on GR-dependent induction of colonic sodium transport. The effect of endiandrin A was analyzed in GR-expressing colonic HT-29/B6 cel...