The development of inflammatory diseases implies inactivation of regulatory T (Treg) cells through mechanisms that still are largely unknown. Here we showed that mast cells (MCs), an early source of inflammatory mediators, are able to counteract Treg inhibition over effector T cells. To gain insight into the molecules involved in their interplay, we set up an in vitro system in which all 3 cell...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize structurally conserved components among pathogens, are mainly expressed by antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs), B cells, and macrophages. Recognition through TLRs triggers innate immune responses and influences antigen-specific adaptive immune responses. Although studies on the expression and functions of TLRs in antigen-presenting ...

Inflammatory; promotes activation and production of acute-phase proteins ↓ = disregulated fever; increased susceptibility to bacterial infection; enhanced resistance to LPS-induced septic shock ↑ = exacerbation of arthritis and colitis T cells, B cells Many cell types Promotes activation and cytotoxicity; development of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches ↓ = defective response to bacterial pathoge...

Recent outbreak by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a major global public threat. Similarly, for several years other coronaviruses, RSV or Influenza viruses are also equally showing risk to worldwide population. Therefore, countries have been given tremendous efforts generate an effective vaccine against respiratory viral infections. It very important understand attributes of protective mucosal an...