The susceptibility to bacterial infections is increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This promotes exacerbations. IL-2 triggers CD4(+)/Th1-cell proliferation, which is important for infection defense. Bacterial endotoxin (LPS) activates MyD88/IRAK and TRIF/IKKε/TBK1 pathways via Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) in Th1 cells. Systemic defects in TLR pathways in CD4(+)/Th1 cells ca...

Buku ini merupakan tesis dari Dr. Richard M. Daulay dalam studi Ilmu Hubungan Internasional di UGM (Universitas Gajah Mada) Yogyakarta, bawah bimbingan Prof. Mochtar Mas’oed dan Diah Kusumaningrum, S.I.P, M.A. Dalam penelitiannya ia memfokuskan perhatiannya terhadap peristiwa yang pernah menjadi perhatian publik dunia pada waktu itu yaitu serangan gedung WTC (pusat ekonomi) Pentagon (Departemen...

The phenomenon of endotoxin tolerance has been widely investigated, but to date, the molecular mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance remain to be resolved clearly. The discovery of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family as the major receptors for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and other bacterial products has prompted a resurgence of interest in endotoxin tolerance mechanisms. Changes of cell surface molecu...

Gangliosides, sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids present in the outer leaflet of plasma membranes, are produced at high levels by some tumors, are actively shed into the tumor microenvironment, and can be detected in high concentrations in the serum of cancer patients. These tumor-shed molecules are known to be immunosuppressive, although mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. In this...