Hairpin loops belong to the most important structural motifs in folded nucleic acids. The d(GNA) sequence in DNA can form very stable trinucleotide hairpin loops depending, however, strongly on the closing base pair. Replica-exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) were employed to study hairpin folding of two DNA sequences, d(gcGCAgc) and d(cgGCAcg), with the same central loop motif but different cl...

The one-loop effective action for a p brane embedded in a D = p+2 Minkowski spacetime in the static gauge is calculated. Rescaling the quantum fluctuation by −g0 evaluated on the background brane leads to the one-loop effective action expressed only in terms of infrared and ultraviolet divergent geometric scalars. After the infrared divergences are absorbed into the quantum fluctuation, there r...

A dimensionally continued background-field method makes the rationality of the 4-loop quenched QED beta function far more reasonable than had previously appeared. After 33 years of quest, dating from Rosner’s discovery of 3-loop rationality, one finally sees cancellation of zeta values by the trace structure of individual diagrams. At 4-loops, diagram-by-diagram cancellation of ζ(5) does not ev...

We compute the $S^d$ partition function of fixed point non-abelian gauge theories in continuous $d$, using $\epsilon$-expansion around $d=4$. illustrate detail technical aspects calculation, including all factors arising from gauge-fixing procedure, and method to deal with zero-modes ghosts. obtain result up NLO, i.e. two-loop vacuum diagrams. Depending on sign one-loop beta function, there is ...

Multiple models have been advanced for the evolution of cloverleaf tRNA. Here, the conserved archaeal tRNA core (75-nt) is posited to have evolved from ligation of three proto-tRNA minihelices (31-nt) and two-symmetrical 9-nt deletions within joined acceptor stems (93 - 18 = 75-nt). The primary evidence for this conclusion is that the 5-nt stem 7-nt anticodon loop and the 5-nt stem 7-nt T loop ...