BACKGROUND The relatively low budget impact of orphan drugs is often used as an argument in reimbursement decisions. However, overall, the budget impact of orphan drugs can still be substantial. In this study, we assess the uptake and budget impact of orphan drugs in the Netherlands. METHODS We examined the number of orphan drugs, the number of patients and budget impact of orphan drugs in th...

I put forward a new theoretical framework to analyze the relationship between soft budget constraint syndrome and the economic performances of firms. It differs from the existing theoretical framework, à la Dewatripont and Maskin (1995), in the soft budget constraint literature. In this paper, soft budget constraint syndrome arises when firms that are expected to lose money are financed. The pa...

The TAGE predictor [12] is considered as one of the most storage effective global branch/path history predictors. It has been shown that associated with small adjunct predictors like a statistical corrector (SC for short) and/or a loop predictor (L for short) [11, 10], TAGE can even be more effective. In this study, we explore the performance limits of these TAGE-SC-L predictors for respectivel...

The purpose of this article is to introduce mathematical models for two budget problems. The first problem, which deals to the construction of a particular budget, is solved based on an algorithm for the maximum flow problem in bipartite network. The method constructs an efficient budget by repeating a maximum flow computation. The second problem is the budget exercise and studies how the budge...

This paper studies budget processes, both theoretically and experimentally. We compare the outcomes of bottom-up and top-down budget processes. It is often presumed that a top-down budget process leads to a smaller overall budget than a bottom-up budget process. Ferejohn and Krehbiel (1987) showed theoretically that this need not be the case. We test experimentally the theoretical predictions o...