Systematic approaches like the family of Action Description Languages have been designed for the formal assessments of action calculi. We assess the fluent calculus for knowledge and sensing with the help of the recently developed, high-level action language Ak. As the main result, we present a provably correct embedding of this language into fluent calculus, excluding the while loops in the qu...

This study compares the VOT measurements between Persian and English stutterers. The speech samples of five adult stutterers (four males and one female) of each language were recorded during a reading task. 98 stuttering events in words beginning with plosives and 34 fluent plosives (i.e., final fluent iterations following the stuttered portions of speech) were identified in the data of both gr...

My first attempts to drive a car were torture – for myself, my older brother (who unwisely had agreed to help teach me), and the family car. The car had a manual transmission and clutch, and we bucked and lurched around town. Each intersection, even each gear shift, posed a challenge that demanded my full attention – if only I could have given it. Instead, my mind was churning with embarrassmen...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the relation between emotional reactivity and regulation associated with fluent and stuttered utterances of preschool-age children who stutter (CWS) and those who do not (CWNS). PARTICIPANTS Participants were eight 3 to 6-year old CWS and eight CWNS of comparable age and gender. METHODS Participants were exposed to three emotion-inducing overh...

States We formalize abstract states symbolically, within the Fluent Calculus (FC) (Hölldobler & Schneeberger 1990). Fluent Calculus, much like Situation Calculus, is a logical approach to modelling dynamically changing systems based on firstorder logic. One could indeed argue that Fluent Calculus and Situation Calculus have very much in common. But the latter has the following disadvantage: Kno...

The Fluent Calculus belongs to the established predicate calculus formalisms for reasoning about actions. Its underlying concept of state update axioms provides a solution to the basic representational and inferential Frame Problems in pure first-order logic. Extending a recent research result, we present a Fluent Calculus to reason about domains involving continuous change and where actions oc...