The immune response in atopic dermatitis (AD) is driven predominantly by T helper (Th2) cells. Th2-type cytokines interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-13 activate the Janus kinase/signal transduction activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathway, which essential for their pro-inflammatory action detrimental effects on permeability barrier epidermis. lipid abnormalities have not been completely ...

The liver is the major site of clearance and degradation of foreign antigens from the portal circulation. Despite the presence of hepatic accessory cells, antibody responses to orally administered antigens are uncommon. To ascertain if hepatic accessory cells are incapable of stimulating specific subsets of T lymphocytes, freshly isolated hepatic nonparenchymal and splenic cells were cultured w...

Helminth parasites are known to elicit the immune response towards T helper 2 (Th2)type, characterized by Th2 related cytokines, that typically include interleukin-4 (IL4), IL-5 and IL-13. In this review we will describe the mechanisms involved in helminth induced Th2 immune response. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) produce thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which is both necessary and suf...

The immune system of the human organism comprises the innate system cells and the adaptive immune cells. The former include the hematopoietic cells, mast cells, basophils, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, and the latter include CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, T regulatory cells (Tr) and B cells. The innate system DCs are the major antigen-presenting cells to Th(o) CD4+ T cells in l...

Th2 cells are recruited to the lung where they mediate the asthma phenotype. Since the molecular mechanisms regulating Th2 cell trafficking remain unknown, we sought to determine whether trafficking of Th2 cells into the lung is mediated by G alpha i-coupled chemoattractant receptors. We show here that in contrast to untreated Th2 cells, pertussis toxin-treated Th2 cells were unable to traffic ...

Primary murine Th1 and Th2 cells differ in the organization of the immunological synapse, with Th1 cells, but not Th2 cells, clustering signaling molecules at the T cell/B cell synapse site. We sought to determine whether differential costimulatory signals could account for the differences observed. We found that Th2 cells express higher levels of CTLA-4 than Th1 cells, and demonstrated that Th...

CD4 T cells potentiate the inflammatory or humoral immune response through the action of Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively. The molecular basis of the differentiation of these cells from naive T cell precursors is, however, unclear. We found that GATA-3 was selectively expressed in Th2 cells. GATA-3 is expressed at a high level in naive, freshly activated T cells and Th2 lineage cells, but subsid...

T helper 1 (Th1)-Th2 cell balance is key to host defense and its dysregulation has pathophysiological consequences. Basophils are important in Th2 cell differentiation. However, the factors controlling the onset and extent of basophil-mediated Th2 cell differentiation are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that Lyn kinase dampened basophil expression of the transcription factor GATA-3 and the initia...