The insect repellents 3535 (ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate or IR3535) and deet (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) were prepared as 20% solutions in absolute ethanol and evaluated for repellency against many mosquito species in Thailand under laboratory and field conditions using human subjects. In the laboratory, 0.1 ml was applied per 30-cm2 of exposed area on a volunteer's forearm (0.66-0.67 m...

background and objectives: attenuated total reflectance-inferared (atr-ir) spectra can be used as a non-invasive fingerprinting approach in quality control of herbal samples. methods: twenty versatile herbal samples were subjected to attenuated total reflectance-inferared (atr-ir) spectroscopy followed by different clustering methods in order to determine by which method more reasonable classif...

In this study we evaluated and reported repellent effects of essential oils from Thai plants against 4 mosquito vectors: Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Anopheles. dirus and Culex quinquefasciatus under laboratory conditions using human volunteers. The essential oils were extracted from 18 plant species, belonging to 11 families, and the oils were then prepared as 10% solution in absolute ethano...

A recently established, one-dimensional isoelectric focusing (IEF) method for distinguishing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II polymorphisms in an outbred species, cattle, has allowed us to analyse the involvement of the MHC in the recognition of antigen by bovine T cells. Bovine T-cell lines of Th cell phenotype (BoCD4+) specific for ovalbumin were generated from six individual h...