Ras isoforms are membrane bound proteins that differentially localize to the plasma membrane and subcellular compartments within the cell. Whilst the cell surface is the main site for Ras activity the extent to which intracellular pools contribute to Ras function is debated. We have generated Ras chimeras targeting Ras to the ER, Golgi, mitochondria and endosomes to compare the capacity of each...

introduction : recurrent aphthous stomatitis (ras) is an oral lesion in the form of round or oval, single or multiple painful inflammatory ulcers in the non-keratinized mucosa. the etiology of ras has not yet to be clearly identified; however, inflammatory process mediated by the action of free radicals and oxidative stress is a possible mechanism. this study aimed to assess the efficacy of pro...

Mammalian ras genes are thought to be critical in the regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation and are mutated in approximately 30% of all human tumors. However, N-ras and H-ras are nonessential for mouse development. To characterize the normal role of K-ras in growth and development, we have mutated it by gene targeting in the mouse. On an inbred genetic background, embryos hom...

BACKGROUND K-ras mutation in a tumour is a powerful negative predictor for treatment success. Identifying tumour K-ras mutation is complex, and could be simplified by an appropriate blood test. Clinical studies were identified in which K-ras mutation status was assessed in both blood and tumour to ascertain whether blood K-ras mutation is predictive of tumour K-ras mutation. Between 29% and 100...

Deformed amphibians have been observed in eutrophic habitats, and some clues point to the retinoic acids (RAs) or RA mimics. However, RAs are generally thought of as vertebrate-specific hormones, and there was no evidence that RAs exist in cyanobacteria or algae blooms. By analyzing RAs and their analogs 4-oxo-RAs in natural cyanobacteria blooms and cultures of cyanobacteria and algae, we showe...

Exclusive activation of either the Harvey-, Kirsten-, or N-ros gene is often found in human and rodent cancers, although the mechanisms responsible for tissue-specific ras gene activation are poorly understood. In this study, the contribution of ras gene expression and Ras protein activity to the tissue-specificity of ras gene activation was investigated using the rat mammary carcinogenesis mod...

OBJECTIVE Recent findings have shown that pharmacogenetic manipulations of the Ras-ERK pathway provide a therapeutic means to tackle l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia (LID). First, we investigated whether a prolonged l-DOPA treatment differentially affected ERK signaling in medium spiny neurons of the direct pathway (dMSNs) and in cholinergic aspiny interneurons (ChIs) an...

statement of problem: recurrent aphthous stomatitis (ras) is one of the most common diseases affecting human oral mucosa. the etiology of this disease remains unclear; therefore a definitive treatment has not yet been established and corticosteroids might be prescribed to reduce the symptoms associated with ras. purpose: the aim of this study was to determine the effects of a mouthwash containi...