Connexin channels are gated by transjunctional voltage ( V j) or CO2 via distinct mechanisms. The cytoplasmic loop (CL) and arginines of a COOH-terminal domain (CT1) of connexin32 (Cx32) were shown to determine CO2sensitivity, and a gating mechanism involving CL-CT1 association-dissociation was proposed. This study reports that Cx32 mutants, tandem, 5R/E, and 5R/N, designed to weaken CL-CT1inte...

Cyanine dyes are exceptionally useful probes for a range of fluorescence-based applications, but their photon output can be limited by trans-to-cis photoisomerization. We recently demonstrated that appending ring system to the pentamethine cyanine improves quantum yield and extends fluorescence lifetime. Here, we report an optimized synthesis persulfonated variants enable efficient labeling nuc...

Cyanine derivatives, named from the Greek word kyanos meaning dark-blue, were discovered more than 150 years ago and remain one of the most widely used classes of organic dyes with contemporary applications in photography (panchromatic emulsions), information storage (CD-R and DVD-R media) and biochemistry (DNA and protein labeling) fields. Cyanine chromogens consist of a charged π-conjugated s...

Spectral studies on the interaction of acidic capsular polysaccharide (SPS), isolated from Klebsiella K28, with cationic dye and surfactants have been reported. The polymer induced strong metachromasy(~ 100 nm blue shift) in the cyanine dye pinacyanol bromide (PCYB). The SPS consists of D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose and D-glucuronic acid (2:1:2:1) molar ratio) in hexasaccharide repeating un...

Spectral studies on the interaction of acidic capsular polysaccharide (SPS), isolated from Klebsiella K28, with cationic dye and surfactants have een reported. The polymer induced strong metachromasy (∼100 nm blue shift) in the cyanine dye pinacyanol bromide (PCYB). The SPS consists f d-glucose, d-galactose, d-mannose and d-glucuronic acid (2:1:2:1 molar ratio) in hexasaccharide repeating units...

K+ gradient-dependent rubidium flux in vesicles obtained from stimulated rabbit stomach distinguishes two cation pathways. Selective inhibition by vanadate and the (1,2-alpha)-imidazopyridine, SCH 28080 identifies one pathway as H,K-ATPase-mediated passive cation exchange. A second pathway, additive to the first, is inhibited by the protonophore, tetrachlorosalicylanilide and is identified as a...

Cyanine dyes are commonly used for fluorescent labeling of DNA and RNA oligonucleotides in applications including qPCR, sequencing, fluorescence in situ hybridization, Förster resonance energy transfer, and labeling for microarray hybridization. Previous research has shown that the fluorescence efficiency of Cy3 and Cy5, covalently attached to the 5' end of single-stranded DNA, is strongly sequ...

Previous studies from our laboratory showed that B 10.A mice are high responders to pigeon cytochrome c fragment 81-104, whereas'B 10.A(5R) mice are low responders. In the present studies, the C-terminal cyanogen bromide cleavage fragment and homologous synthetic peptides of tobacco horn worm moth cytochrome c were shown to be immunogenic in both B10.A and B10.A(5R) mice. These strains, however...

Novel, highly fluorescent, monofunctional, water-soluble heptamethine cyanine dyes containing a robust C-C bond at the central position of the near-infrared fluorophore system were prepared by the Suzuki-Miyaura method. The reaction proceeded efficiently to replace the meso-chlorine atom with a carboxy-functionalized aryl moiety and afforded the desired compounds in high yields. This methodolog...