This paper establishes a systematic approach to solve the L1 l1 ð Þ and L2 l2 ð Þ semi-global stabilization problem of linear periodic systems with controls having bounded magnitude and energy, respectively. The developed approach will be referred to as L1 l1 ð Þ and L2 l2 ð Þ low gain feedback. Definitions, properties, and characterizations of this new concept are also provided, and particular...

This article had two aims: to provide a thorough review of the existing literature examining overall degree of foreign accent in a second language (L2), and to present a new foreign accent experiment. The literature review suggested that a wide variety of variables in#uence degree of foreign accent. These variables include age of L2 learning, length of residence in an L2-speaking country, gende...

Many studies have explored the second language (L2) acquisition of relative clauses (RCs) and whether L2 speakers transfer a resumptive strategy from first (L1) to L2. While evidence seems suggest that there are significant L1–L2 differences in processing RCs, relatively little is known about source non-target-like behaviour. The present study investigates grammatical acceptability different RC...

A well-known asymmetry exists in the bilingual masked priming literature in which lexical decision is used: namely, masked primes in the dominant language (L1) facilitate decision times on targets in the less dominant language (L2), but not vice versa. In semantic categorization, on the other hand, priming is symmetrical. In Experiments 1–3 we confirm this task difference, finding robust masked...

We present a meta-analysis of cross-linguistic transfer of oral language (vocabulary and listening comprehension), phonology (decoding and phonological awareness) and reading comprehension. Our findings show a small meta-correlation between first (L1) and second (L2) oral language and a moderate to large correlation between L1 and L2 phonological awareness and decoding. This is interpreted in t...

the present study attempts to investigate parsing preferences (early vs. late closure) of native and l2 learners of both english and persian when they read ambiguous relative clauses. the purpose is to find out if l2 learners process l2 linguistic input in the way monolingual speakers of that language do. the participants took tests including 10 test sentences plus 10 distractors, each followed...

Two simple and low cost 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-[(1-hydroxycyclohexylmethylimino)methyl]phenol (L1) and 2-[{(1-hydroxycyclohexyl)methylimino}methyl]phenol (L2) Schiff base sensors exhibiting selectivity for Zn(2+) in water:methanol (95:5, v/v, 10 mM HEPES) are described. L1 and L2 display an "off-on" fluorescence effect forming the L1·Zn and L2·Zn complexes, respectively. In the case of L1·Zn, the ...

A persistent question in the SLA (second language acquisition) research concerns the status of the involvement of the native language (i.e. L1 transfer). Inquiry into the question has been made on the basis of a variety of linguistic frameworks, such as contrastive analysis (Lado, 1957), L2 (second language) generative parametric approach (Flynn, 1987; White, 1989; Schwartz, 1996), and the more...

Divide the context-free languages into equivalence classes in the following way: L1 and L2 are in the same class if there are a-transducers M and M such that M(L1) ~ L~ and d~r(L,) = L1. Define L1 and L~ to be structurally similar if they are in the same class. Among the results given below are: (I) if L1 and L2 are structurally similar and L1 has a structurally similar set of (right) sententia...