This study examined the relation between musical ability and second-language (L2) proficiency in adult learners. L2 ability was assessed in four domains: receptive phonology, productive phonology, syntax, and lexical knowledge. Also assessed were various other factors that might explain individual differences in L2 ability, including age of L2 immersion, patterns of language use and exposure, a...

The most obvious bimodal logic generated from unimodal logics L1 and L2 is their fusion, L1 ⊗L2, axiomatized by the theorems of L1 for 1 and of L2 for 2, and by the rules of modus ponens, substitution and necessitation for 1 and for 2. Shehtman introduced the frame product L1×L2, as the logic of the products of certain Kripke frames. Typically, L1 ⊗ L2 ( L1 × L2, e.g. S4⊗ S4 ( S4× S4. Van Benth...

This study is concerned with effects of age of onset (AO) of acquisition on the production of Voice Onset Time (VOT) among near-native L2 speakers. 41 L1 Spanish early and late learners of L2 Swedish, who had carefully been screened for their “nativelike” L2-proficiency, participated in the study. 8 native speakers of Swedish served as control group. Spectral analyses of VOT were carried out on...

The study of second language acquisition (SLA) is often hindered by substantial variability in the background of learners, their learning process and the input they receive. This diversity often makes it difficult to isolate specific learning factors and study their impact on L2 development. We present a computational study of SLA as an alternative methodological approach. By applying a usage-b...

Given a function u?L2=L2(D,?), where ? is measure on set D, and linear subspace Vn?L2 of dimension n, we show that near-best approximation u in Vn can be computed from near-optimal budget Cn pointwise evaluations u, with C>1 universal constant. The sampling points are drawn according to some random distribution, the by weighted least-squares method, error assessed expected L2 norm. This result ...

The inner lipoyl domain (L2) of the dihydrolipoyl acetyltransferase (E2) 60-mer forms a Ca(2+)-dependent complex with the pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase 1 (PDP1) or its catalytic subunit, PDP1c, in facilitating large enhancements of the activities of PDP1 (10-fold) or PDP1c (6-fold). L2 binding to PDP1 or PDP1c requires the lipoyl-lysine prosthetic group and specificity residues that distin...

be a linear differential operator in Q with indefinitely differentiable complex-valued coefficients aj,. ... X n) e Q. D operates on the space of distributions in U. Let Di denote the restriction of D to the space of C' functions with compact supports. The weak extension Dw of DI in L2(Q) is defined as follows: the domain M of Dw consists of all those elements f in L2 for which Df, formed in th...

Functional imaging methods show differences in the pattern of cerebral activation associated with the subject's native language (L1) compared with a second language (L2). In a recent PET investigation on bilingualism we showed that auditory processing of stories in L1 (Italian) engages the temporal lobes and temporoparietal cortex more extensively than L2 (English). However, in that study the I...

The well-known Bounded Real Lemma plays a key role in L2-gain based control methods such as H∞ control for both linear and nonlinear systems. Recently, conventional (linear) L2-gain concepts have been generalized to the nonlinear L2-gain framework to encompass a larger class of systems. A bounded real lemma has been developed corresponding to this generalized notion of nonlinear L2-gain.

The present study investigated the well acknowledged phenomenon of a different sense of emotionality in a person's first (L1) and second language (L2). Event-related potentials were recorded during the reading of pleasant, unpleasant and neutral words in L1 and L2. Enhanced processing of both emotional compared to neutral words was reflected in an amplified early posterior negativity (EPN) abou...