Background: Cost effectiveness, the ratio of relative costs of a program to its desired outcomes, is one of the basic issues in various screening programs performed to detect opium abuse. This study aimed to find the cost-effectiveness of opiates abuse screening through urine analysis. Methods: A total number of 64698 individuals were selected and divided into to five distinct groups based on t...

سابقه و هدف: گیاه­ پالایی مقرون­ به­ صرفه سازگار با محیط زیست است که در آن گیاه از توانایی‌‌های طبیعی خود برای بازیابی استفاده ‌‌می‌‌‌کند. گیاهان مورد باید توانایی انباشت مقادیر زیادی آلاینده‌‌های فلزی را بدون ایجاد سمیت آنها داشته باشند. امروزه افزایش جمعیت جهان به دنبال توسعه صنایع کارخانه‌‌ها، بر میزان پساب‌‌های وارده غالبا حاوی فلزات سنگین مختلف ‌‌می‌‌‌باشند، افزوده ‌‌می‌‌‌شود. تاثیرات مخرب...

Abstract Background Studies of the epidemiology substance use are problematic by disorder's nature and illegal character substances' turnover. For safety, markets had moved to Internet, less transparent darknet part. The objective this study was get estimates for Russian drug market using data collected at dark net ‘Hydra', amounts drugs offered, relative frequency offers, regional distribution...

PURPOSE To investigate nystagmus and other visual system abnormalities among children exposed to opiates and benzodiazepines in utero. METHODS Retrospective case series comprising clinical examination and case note review of 25 children with nystagmus and reduced vision who were exposed to controlled drugs during pregnancy. RESULTS Twenty-four children were exposed to opiates, of whom 13 we...

The present study examined regional distribution of opiate alkaloids from seized heroin in brain regions of experimental animals in order to select parts with the highest content of opiates. Their analysis should contribute to resolve causes of death due to heroin intake. The tests were performed at different time periods (5, 15, 45 and 120 min) after male and female Wistar rats were treated wi...

Single-unit recordings of nucleus accumbens septi (NAS) neurons in halothane-anesthetized rats revealed that microinfusions of morphine into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) primarily inhibited spontaneously active NAS units. These inhibitory effects were reversed by alpha-flupenthixol (s.c.), suggesting a role for dopamine (DA) in the observed opiate-induced effect. VTA opiate microinfusions a...