UNLABELLED As increasing amounts of biomonitoring survey data become available, a new discipline focused on converting such data into estimates of chemical exposures has developed. Reverse dosimetry uses a pharmacokinetic model along with measured biomarker concentrations to determine the plausible exposure concentrations-- a critical step to incorporate ground-truthing experimental data into a...

The pseudouridine synthases isomerize (U) in RNA to pseudouridine (Ψ), and the mechanism that they follow has long been a question of interest. The recent elucidation of a product of the mechanistic probe 5-fluorouridine that had been epimerized to the arabino isomer suggested that the Ψ synthases might operate through a glycal intermediate formed by deprotonation of C2'. When that position in ...

BACKGROUND Oligometastatic disease in colorectal cancer may affect the liver, lung, and peritoneum. This review mainly focuses on colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) and highlights recommendations and therapeutic strategies drawn from the current literature and consensus conferences. The following data address a paradigm shift in surgical approaches to CRLM, pushing the limits of multimodal trea...

Six experiments addressed the role of phonological information in visual word recognition using a semantic-decision task. Experiment 1 replicated Van Orden's (1987) finding that Ss make more false-positive errors on homophone foils than on spelling controls, indicating phonological activation of meaning. Experiment 2 showed that only lower frequency words yield this effect when broader categori...

Successfully identifying and targeting immune checkpoints on latently HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells could be a key component in HIV-1 eradication therapies [1,2]. Immune checkpoints are negative regulators of: (i) T cell activation; (ii) T cell proliferation; and (iii) effector functions including cytokine production [3]. Thus, inhibiting immune checkpoints could influence the resting status of la...