Signaling of chromosomal DNA breaks is of primary importance for initiation of repair and, thus, for global genomic stability. Although the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex is the first sensor of double-strand breaks, its role in double-strand break (DSB) signaling is not fully understood. We report the absence of γ-ray-induced, ATM/ATR-dependent histone H2AX phosphorylation in Arabidopsis thalia...

Activation of the cellular DNA damage response is detrimental to adenovirus (Ad) infection. Ad has therefore evolved a number of strategies to inhibit ATM- and ATR-dependent signaling pathways during infection. Recent work suggests that the Ad5 E4orf3 protein prevents ATR activation through its ability to mislocalize the MRN complex. Here we provide evidence to indicate that Ad12 has evolved a ...

This paper offers a compacted mechanism to carry out the performance evaluation work for an automatic target recognition (ATR) system: (a) a standard description of the ATR system's output is suggested, a quantity to indicate the operating condition is presented based on the principle of feature extraction in pattern recognition, and a series of indexes to assess the output in different aspects...

The efficacy of vegetative buffer strips (VBS) in removing herbicides deposited from surface runoff is related to the ability of plant species to promote rapid herbicide degradation. A growth chamber study was conducted to compare C-atrazine (ATR) degradation profiles in soil rhizospheres from different forage grasses and correlate ATR degradation rates and profiles with microbial activity usin...

MOTIVATION Tandem repeats consist in approximate and adjacent repetitions of a DNA motif. Such repeats account for large portions of eukaryotic genomes and have also been found in other life kingdoms. Owing to their polymorphism, tandem repeats have proven useful in genome cartography, forensic and population studies, etc. Nevertheless, they are not systematically detected nor annotated in geno...

A comparison was made of the incidence of postoperative myalgia (POM) and fasciculations when atracurium (ATR) or d-Tubocurarine (DTC) was given prior to succinylcholine (SDC) for facilitation of tracheal intubation. The subjects were 44 ASA physical status I or II outpatient females undergoing laparoscopy. They were assigned to one of three groups: Group 1 received 0.025 mg/kg ATR; Group 2 rec...

The maintenance of genomic integrity is crucial for the survival of all organisms. In humans, compromised genomic integrity contributes to genetic disorders, aging and cancers. The task of safeguarding the genome is accomplished by the concerted action of a number of cellular processes, including DNA replication, DNA repair, senescence and apoptosis. Many, if not all, of these processes are reg...

The phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase-like kinases (PIKKs), ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and ATM- and Rad3-related (ATR) regulate parallel damage response signalling pathways. ATM is reported to be activated by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), whereas ATR is recruited to single-stranded regions of DNA. Although the two pathways were considered to function independently, recent studies have ...

Cell cycle checkpoints maintain genomic integrity by delaying cell division in the presence of DNA damage or replication problems. A crucial player in this process is the ATR kinase. The rapid localisation of ATR to sites of genotoxic stress and the central role of this kinase in the checkpoint response lead to the suggestion that ATR functions as a sensor of DNA lesions. After activation, ATR ...

To ensure survival in the face of genomic insult, cells have evolved complex mechanisms to respond to DNA damage, termed the DNA damage checkpoint. The serine/threonine kinases ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and ATM and Rad3-related (ATR) activate checkpoint signaling by phosphorylating substrate proteins at SQ/TQ motifs. Although some ATM/ATR substrates (Chk1, p53) have been identified, t...