Most analyses of definiteness are based on two important notions: uniqueness and familiarity. Fundamentally, both approaches ascribe some content to the conventional meaning of definite, but not indefinite, descriptions. We explore the effect of determiner choice on listeners’ expectations about possible referents using eye-tracking in the visual world paradigm. We present listeners with tempor...

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In previous work, we described G2I2, a system that adjusts the cost function used by an off-road route planning system in order to more closely mimic the route choices made by humans. In this paper, we report on an extension to G2I2, called GUIDE, which adds significant new capabilities. GUIDE has the ability to induce a cost function starting with a set of historical tracks used as training in...

The population and population composition of galaxies in galaxy clusters at present reflect the mass of the clusters and the mass growth of the galaxies in the past. We investigate them for six clusters. We show that galaxies in massive clusters stopped growing at redshifts of ∼4. Moreover, we find that some small galaxy clusters (groups) have too many massive galaxies for their apparent masses...

Seventeen kinetoplast minicircle-encoded and nine maxicircle-encoded gRNA genes have been identified. Six overlapping minicircle-encoded gRNAs mediate editing for the 5'-pan-edited MURF4 gene and two for the 5'-edited COIII gene. The pan-edited RPS12 mRNA is edited by seven minicircle-encoded gRNAs and one maxicircle-encoded gRNA. The 3'-most gRNA in each domain forms an anchor with unedited mR...

The authors in this study hope to offer a summation of the classic and recent literature while offering a detailed illustrated technique guide for the medial cuneiform, or "Cotton osteotomy." Usually performed as an ancillary procedure, the Cotton osteotomy offers the surgeon an additional option for correction of various distal medial column deformities while preserving midfoot articular surfa...

Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com of variable length, which is usually from 175 to 190 cm, but which can be up to 330 cm. Its distal tip, straight or J-shaped, is usually radio-opaque which aids its visibility while it is being handled, in addition to its use for estimating the length of the lesion. The basic composition of guidewires is well established: central core, distal tip, c...