We define a self-map Pal : F2 → F2 of the free group on two generators a, b, using automorphisms of F2 that form a group isomorphic to the braid group B3. The map Pal restricts to de Luca’s right iterated palindromic closure on the submonoid generated by a, b. We show that Pal is continuous for the profinite topology on F2; it is the unique continuous extension of de Luca’s right iterated palin...

BACKGROUND Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), a naturally occurring phospholipid metabolite, accumulates in the ischemic heart and causes extracellular K(+) accumulation and action potential shortening. LPC has been incriminated as a biochemical trigger of lethal cardiac arrhythmias, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied the effect of 1-palmitoyl-L...

BACKGROUND Over multiple years, the didactic concept of "peer-assisted learning" (PAL) has proved to be valuable for medical education. Particularly in the field of the nowadays widely established Skills-Labs, the assignment of student tutors is both popular and effective. The aim of the underlying study is to assess the current status of PAL programs within German medical faculties' Skills-Lab...

Co-ground mixtures of poorly water soluble drug Paliperidone (PAL) with different hydrophilic carriers [Polyvinylpyrrolidine (Plasdone K-25 and Plasdone S-630), Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), Hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) and Sodium alginate were prepared to improve the dissolution rate of PAL. Co-grinding with PVP, especially with PVPS630 (Vinyl pyrrolidone/ vinyl acetate co-polymer), w...

We present a proper motion and CCD photometric study of stars in the distant halo globular cluster Palomar 13. The absolute proper motion of Pal 13 with respect to the background galaxies, derived from moderate scale photographic plates separated by a 40-year baseline, is (μαcosδ, μδ) = (+2.30,+0.27) ± (0.26, 0.25) milliarc-seconds per year. The resultant total space velocity (315 km s) implies...

The purposes of this study were to produce polysaccharides from red pepper stems using different extraction methods and evaluate their chemical composition, in vitro biological capacities, and rheological properties. Two polysaccharides were extracted from red pepper stems using an autoclave and alkali treatments, and the extracts were named PAU and PAL, respectively. The contents of total phen...

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is a key enzyme in pathogen defence, stress response and secondary metabolism and is subject to post-translational phosphorylation. In order to address the significance of this phenomenon it is necessary to identify the protein kinase (PK) responsible and place it in its regulatory circuit. Using protoplast transient expression of Arabidopsis kinase genes coupl...

PURPOSE The purpose of the current study was to investigate steps per day (steps/d) and physical activity level (PAL) in Korean elementary school children having normal weight (normal-weight). We also clarified whether a gender difference exited between steps/d and PAL. METHODS Children aged 9 to 12 y were recruited from two elementary schools located in different urban districts in Korea. Th...

The pal 4 nuclease (termed I-Sce II) is encoded in the group I al 4 intron of the COX I gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It introduces a specific double-strand break at the junction of the two exons A4-A5 and thus mediates the insertion of the intron into an intronless strain. To define the sequence recognized by pal 4 we introduced 35 single mutations in its target sequence and examined their...

Metabolic channeling has been proposed to occur at the entry point into plant phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. To determine whether isoforms of L-Phe ammonia-lyase (PAL), the first enzyme in the pathway, can associate with the next enzyme, the endomembrane-bound cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), to facilitate channeling, we generated transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants independently express...