Situs inversus totalis is a rare congenital anomaly, as demonstrated by mass radiographic screening in Norway which yielded an incidence of 1 in 10,000.@ Single coronary artery is also rare; a recent review suggested an incidence of 4 in 10,000.' The chance of these two lesions occurring simultaneously is thus about 4 in 1 x 108. Hypertrophic subaortic stenosis is uncommonly as sociated with ot...

In Computable Analysis, elements of uncountable spaces, such as the real line R, are represented by functions on strings and fed to Turing machines as oracles; or equivalently, they are represented by infinite strings and written on the tapes of Turing machines [Wei00, BHW08]. To obtain reasonable notions of computability and complexity, it is hence important to choose the “right” representatio...

This paper analyzes the epistemological implications of complexity studies on consumer theory. Agent-based models in complexity studies are a good fit to try to describe individual consumption via evolving patterns, and are being painstakingly researched (Potts, 2001; Fonseca & Zeidan, 2002). The implications of this research are that new theories and models are being created, and a paradigm sh...

Dystrophin deficiency leads to increased proteasome activity in skeletal muscle. Previous observations suggest short-term inhibition of the proteasome restores dystrophin expression. Contrary to our hypothesis, eight days of MG-132 administration to mdx mice increased susceptibility to contraction induced injury and Evan’s blue dye penetration compared to controls. Following six weeks of MG-132...

BACKGROUND: In April 2009, a new pandemic strain of influenza infected thousands of persons in Mexico and the United States and spread rapidly worldwide. During the ensuing summer months, cases ebbed in the Northern Hemisphere while the Southern Hemisphere experienced a typical influenza season dominated by the novel strain. In the fall, a second wave of pandemic H1N1 swept through the United S...

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a common disease caused by a complex interplay between many genetic and environmental factors. Candidate gene studies and recent collaborative genome-wide association efforts revealed at least 38 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with increased risk of T2D. Genetic testing of multiple SNPs is considered a potentially useful tool for early detectio...

The origin of H1N1pdm constitutes an unresolved mystery, as its most recently observed ancestors were isolated in pigs nearly a decade before it emerged in humans. One theory suggests imperfect surveillance of swine viruses caused the virus to be missed in swine herds. Other hypotheses point to the possibility of laboratory error or an avian intermediary. We show substitution bias classificatio...

Critical regimes are present in all socio-technical systems. Usually, man-made systems are designed to avoid these regimes completely, and stay in a stable steady state to avoid uncertainty. However, complexity theory postulates that the edge of chaos, between order and disorder, provides highly interesting phenomena, such as emergence, which are important for the evolution of the system. In th...

Phylogenies of multi-domain proteins have to incorporate macro-evolutionary events, which dramatically increases the complexity of their construction. We present an application to infer ancestral multi-domain proteins given a species tree and domain phylogenies. As the individual domain phylogenies are often incongruent, we provide diagnostics for the identification and reconciliation of implau...

This issue of E:CO is reprinting a classic paper by Heinz von Foerster, one of the key players in the formation and development of cybernetics. Von Foerster was an Austrian/American engineer, scientist, science expositor, philosopher, and cultural commentator (rather than listing each reference which would render this document unwieldy, history of cybernetics were taken from Heims1, Kline2, Dup...