N UMEROUS studies concerned with estimates of transcapillary rates of exchange of water and ions based on ‘isotopic arterial disappearance curves’ have appeared in recent years (1-9). For the most part these studies have been unsupported by examinations of the simultaneous events in tissues. It is our purpose here a) to describe water exchange and distribution rates in various tissues; b) to de...

The hygric hypothesis postulates that insect discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGCs) are an adaptation that reduces respiratory water loss (RWL), but evidence is lacking for reduction of water loss by insects expressing DGCs under normal ecological conditions. Larvae of Erynnis propertius (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) naturally switch between DGCs and continuous gas exchange (CGE), allowing flow-...

Because the boiler is developed to the trend of large size, high temperature and high pressure, so the requirement of water quality for the boiler makeup water is higher and higher, and that needs to almost get rid of all salts in the water. So anion-cation exchange technology has been developed quickly. For example, use the H cation exchanger to exchange various cations in the water and give o...

The binding affinity of the two substrate-water molecules to the water-oxidizing Mn₄CaO₅ catalyst in photosystem II core complexes of the extremophilic red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae was studied in the S₂ and S₃ states by the exchange of bound ¹⁶O-substrate against ¹⁸O-labeled water. The rate of this exchange was detected via the membrane-inlet mass spectrometric analysis of flash-induced oxy...

Each living cell must, while performing its life functions, constantly exchange water with its surroundings. This occurs through the cell membrane. In the present paper, we have made an attempt to explain the biophysical basis of this water exchange, realized under stationary conditions, i. e. at constant cell volume. For the investigation, the mechanistic equations for membrane transport have ...

This study presents SMC-I (sliding mode control with integral action) with approach angle method applied to slip suppression problem of electric vehicles (EVs). In SMC, chattering phenomenon always occurs through high frequency switching of the control inputs. It is undesirable phenomenon and degrade the control performance, since it causes the oscillations of the control inputs. Several studie...

Any textbook of macroeconomics will tell you that the starting point of the transmission mechanism of monetary policy is a change in reserves and an associated change in short-term interest rates. Reserves can only be provided by a central bank. Therefore, when a central bank increases its provision of reserves, it is certain that short-term interest rates will decline. Changes in short-term in...

Networks of neurons in the nervous system can produce a variety of temporal patterns of different frequency; the same network can produce different rhythms at different times, or several rhythms at one time. We focus here on the gamma (30-90 Hz) and theta (4-12 Hz) rhythms produced in the hippocampus, a part of the nervous system critical for learning and recall. We discuss experiments and mode...

This study combines existing hydraulic principles with recently developed methods for probing leaf hydraulic function to determine whether xylem physiology can explain the dynamic response of gas exchange both during drought and in the recovery phase after rewatering. Four conifer species from wet and dry forests were exposed to a range of water stresses by withholding water and then rewatering...