The level of the night sky background light at La Palma and Namibia was determined , with emphasis on the wavelength region and solid angle coverage relevant for the operation of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. The dependence of the night sky background light both on celestial coordinates (alt, az) and on galactic coordinates (b, l) was measured, with an angular resolution of about 1 ...

It is anticipated that the Pierre Auger Observatory can be used to detect cosmic neutrinos of > 10 eV that arrive at very large zenith angles. However showers created by neutrino interactions close to the detector must be picked out against a background of similar events initiated by cosmic ray nuclei. As a step towards understanding this background, we have made the first detailed analysis of ...

Dense packing of equal circles on a sphere is investigated. A systematic algorithm, the Minimum-Zenith Method (MZM), is proposed in this report. Started from a proper initial configuration, a circle is sequentially packed one by one so that the zenith angle is as small as possible. It is necessary to fix the size of the circle and some initial configuration. Circle configurations we examined ha...

Inclined air showers (i.e. showers with zenith angle above 40 degrees) are registered by the KASCADE-Grande experiment, which is designed to address fundamental questions about the origin, composition and acceleration mechanisms of primary cosmic rays between 10 and 10 eV. Despite the aggravate reconstruction due to the thin scintillation detectors used in KASCADE-Grande these inclined events a...

A model of the diffusion of ionosheath plasma into the wake region of Venus is presented. It is shown that particle diffusion, which is assumed to be a consequence of the fluctuating magnetic field observed in the wake of Venus by Pioneer Venus and Veneras 9 and 10, can explain the plasma observations made in the wake by Veneras 9 and 10. The pressure due to these diffusing particles when balan...

Upward-going muon events in MACRO allow measurement of the ux in the range E 10 to 100 GeV. The ratio of total observed to expected events is 0:74 0:036stat 0:046sys 0:13theor, which when combined with the observed zenith angle distribution ( 1:0 cos 0:1) agrees with the no-oscillation model to no better than 0.1%. The data are in signi cantly greater agreement with the $ vacuum oscillation mod...

A refined photographic system for solar aureole measurements is described in which a neutral density filter occulting disk blocks the direct sunlight. Experimental data for solar aureoles are presented for several wavelengths from 309 nm to 640 nm and solar zenith angles of up to 88 degrees . The results are compared with a modified single scattering calculation that includes corrections for Ra...

We present the measurement of the the flux and angular distribution of atmospheric νµ using the MACRO detector. Three different event topologies are detected in two different energy ranges. High energy neutrinos (Eν ∼ 80 GeV) via the identification of upward throughgoing muons. Lower energy neutrinos (Eν ∼ 4 GeV) via the upgoing stopping and partially contained downgoing muons (ID+UGS), or via ...

Reviewer #1: Synopsis: This paper provides a description of a rather innovative instrument to estimate aerosol optical depth. Readers are first reminded that this Optical Depth Sensor (ODS), was originally designed to fly on a mission to Mars. Thus, the instrument must be robust (preferably no moving parts), and must be able to account for changing calibration, such as when dust collects on win...

We present a novel technique to retrieve ozone profiles, and especially, tropospheric ozone (O3) from airborne Ultraviolet-Visible (UV) spectrometer measurements. The profile retrieval is possible by viewing a variety of zenith angles from down-looking and up-looking directions, taking advantage of O3 absorption in the Huggins (300-340 nm) and the Chappuis bands (530-650 nm). Measurements are n...