The evolution of the line width luminosity relation for spiral galaxies, the Tully-Fisher relation, strongly constrains galaxy formation and evolution models. At this moment, the kinematics of z > 1 spiral galaxies can only be measured using rest frame optical emission lines associated with star formation, such as Hα and [O ]5007/4959 and [O ]3727. This method has intrinsic difficulties an...

Let M be a 2 × 2 matrix of Laurent polynomials with real coefficients and symmetry. In this paper, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of four Laurent polynomials (or FIR filters) u1, u2, v1, v2 with real coefficients and symmetry such that [ u1(z) v1(z) u2(z) v2(z) ] [ u1(1/z) u2(1/z) v1(1/z) v2(1/z) ] = M(z) ∀ z ∈ C\{0} and [Su1](z)[Sv2](z) = [Su2](z)[Sv1](z), whe...

We investigate the evolution of the optical and near-infrared colour–magnitude relation in an homogeneous sample of massive clusters from z = 1 to the present epoch. By comparing deep Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys imaging of X-ray selected MAssive Cluster Survey (MACS) clusters at z ∼ 0.5 to the similarly selected Las Campanas/AAT Rich Cluster Survey (LARCS) sample at z ∼ 0...

A new determination of the optical K(z) relation for QSOs is presented, derived from multiwavelength photometry of 25 low-redshift QSOs. The relation deviates strongly from the simple picture of single power law spectra as an overall description, but also from previous empirical determinations based on composite spectra. The deviations are particularly significant at low redshifts where K(z) dr...

in this paper we proved that every g-riesz basis for hilbert space $h$ with respect to $k$ by adding a condition is a riesz basis for hilbert $b(k)$-module $b(h,k)$. this is an extension of [a. askarizadeh,m. a. dehghan, {em g-frames as special frames}, turk. j. math., 35, (2011) 1-11]. also, we derived similar results for g-orthonormal and orthogonal bases. some relationships between dual fram...

Let L2(R,H) denote the space of all square integrable quaternionic-valued functions. In this article, let Φ∈L2(R,H). We consider perturbation problems wavelet frame {Φm,n,a0,b0,m,n∈Z} about translation parameter b0 and dilation a0. particular, we also research stability irregular {SmΦ(Smx−nb),m,n∈Z} for sampling.