during the pahlavid first period,ie after reza shah's ascencion to the throne,the modernization of all the pillars of state,including the juridical system was brought to government's attention.the government's approach in this process was keeping itself away from the religious legal system and inclining to secular structures.this approach aroused ulama's reaction,because they considered themsel...

Substance abuse is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States. Although civil commitment has been used to address substance abuse for more than a century, little is known today about the nature and use of substance-related commitment laws in the United States. We examined statutes between July 2010 and October 2012 from all 50 states and the District of Columbia for provisi...

The history of communism in the 20 century, if the current orthodoxy is to be believed, was no more than a detour in a process in which history ends in a world of civil societies organized as liberal democracies, which increasingly relate to each other following the model of liberal democracy itself, through the rule of law, collective discussion, the general recognition of human and civil righ...

Q What is a 504 plan? Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability. A 504 plan, then, is a legal document designed to ensure that students with a disability such as diabetes can manage their condition at school and receive the same education as other kids. The plan, which applies to all public schools and any private schoo...

Societies under similar geographic and economic conditions and subject to similar external influences nonetheless develop very di↵erent types of states. At one extreme are weak states with little capacity and ability to regulate economic or social relations. At the other are despotic states which dominate civil society. Yet there are others which are locked into an ongoing competition with civi...

The challenges we face in our economies and societies in our divided unsustainable world are perhaps greater than at any other time. These challenges have arisen because of how we have been trained to think, plan and act as individuals and how we have applied this training to the way we organise and govern ourselves. We have thought, planned, organised, governed and acted as though our world is...

Recent works have highlighted that civil wars can have transnational dimensions and diffuse through spatial patterns. Other authors have investigated the relationship between polities and civil peace. The aim of this paper is to study whether the study of civil peace can be linked with state capacity and its interactions with spatial and temporal dynamics. Though some authors have suggested tha...

The challenges we face in our economies and societies in our divided unsustainable world are perhaps greater than at any other time. These challenges have arisen because of how we have been trained to think, plan and act as individuals and how we have applied this training to the way we organise and govern ourselves. We have thought, planned, organised, governed and acted as though our world is...