the mean fiber length of three beech trees (fagus orientalis l.) at the lower and higher points (1% and 75% tree height) of the stem at an intermediate altitude (500-1000m) in the caspian forests in sari region were 1.36 and 1.22mm respectively, close to the values in three trees at high altitude (1000-1500m), that were found to be 1.39 and 1.36 mm. the mean fiber lengths of the whole stem, usi...

wood vinegar is the aqueous phase of the liquid produced during the slow pyrolysis of wood.it has the potential to be used as a pesticide against various weeds, insects and molluscs. due to divergentfeedstocks, pyrolysis processes and storing conditions, the chemical composition of wood vinegar variesbetween producers and time. the aim of our current study was to use the copse snail arianta arb...

Wood is a porous three dimensional, hydroscopic, viscoelastic, anisotropic bio-polymer composite composed of an interconnecting matrix of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin with minor amounts of inorganic elements and organic extractives. Some, but not all, of the cell wall polymer hydroxyl groups are accessible to moisture and these accessible hydroxyls form hydrogen bonds with water. As the...