Accurately scaling sap flux observations to tree or stand levels requires accounting for variation in sap flux between wood types and by depth into the tree. However, existing models for radial variation in axial sap flux are rarely used because they are difficult to implement, there is uncertainty about their predictive ability and calibration measurements are often unavailable. Here we compar...

In tree-length harvesting operations, the trees are usually delimbed and topped in the woods. Sawlogs are bucked, and pulpwood is loaded tree-length. The use of in-woods chipping has been limited to energywood production because high bark content limits the use of whole-tree chips as pulp furnish. Flail delimbing and debarking allows economical processing and chipping of whole trees in the wood...