The ionoSolv pretreatment is a new technique employing protic low-cost ionic liquids and has previously been applied to successfully fractionate switchgrass and the grass Miscanthus giganteus. This study investigates the effect of using the protic ionic liquid solution [N2220][HSO4]80% with two different acid/base ratios (1.02 and 0.98) at 120, 150 and 170 °C on the pretreatment outcome of the ...

This paper proposes a novel approach to nonrigid, markerless motion capture from synchronized video streams acquired by static calibrated cameras. Specifically, we address the problem of estimating the instantaneous geometry of the observed scene as a dense collection of small surface patches, and its nonrigid motion as the velocity field associated with these patches. Starting from a multi-vie...

It is becoming increasingly difficult to provide on-site mitigation for wetland impacts due to road construction in northeastern Minnesota counties that retain greater than 80 percent of their pre-settlement wetlands. Abandoned gravel pits are one of the few remaining areas that can serve as wetland mitigation sites within the impacted watersheds. The overall goal of the project is to develop c...

Southerly movements of Willow Ptarmigan during the winter in and near prairie provinces

Contents 1. Introduction 2. Principal plants that have contributed to the development of modern analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs 2.1. Papaver somniferum 2.2. Salix species 2.3. Cannabis sativa 2.4. Capsicum sp. 2.5. Panax ginseng 2.6. Tanacetum parthenium 2.7. Aconitum sp. 3. New plant-derived substances with potential antinociceptive or anti-inflammatory properties 3.1 Siphocampylus verti...

The questions of how the indirect interactions mediated by herbivore-induced plant responses influence trait evolution of herbivores have been poorly investigated. We previously demonstrated that allopatric populations of the willow leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) could evolutionarily develop divergent preference, according to locally distinct intensity of induce...

The ability of remote sensing applications to accurately differentiate priority vegetation types was evaluated on a 664-hectare habitat management unit on Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge, located in Marshall County in northwest Minnesota. The Refuge is a diverse complex of wetland and upland habitats, largely inaccessible by foot. Its relative inaccessibility, coupled with the known occurrence...

At present, there is limited understanding of how biochar application to soil could be beneficial to crop growth in temperate regions and which biochar types are most suitable. Biochar’s (two feedstocks: willow, pine; three pyrolysis temperatures: 450 °C, 550 °C, 650 °C) effect on nitrogen (N) availability, N use efficiency and crop yield was studied in northwestern European soils using a combi...

Different sunfleck characteristics, length and number of sunflecks per metre and sunfleck fractional area, were measured at different depths inside willow (Salix viminalis) canopy. All these characteristics depend on the pathlength of the direct solar radiation beam into the canopy, τ=L/sin h, where L is the downward cumulative leaf area index and h is the solar elevation. The mean sunfleck len...

Willow [1], an adaptive multilingual free-text Computer-Assisted Assessment system, automatically evaluates students’ free-text answers given a set of correct ones. This paper presents an extension of the system in order to generate the students’ concept maps while they are being assessed. To that aim, a new module for the automatic identification of the terms of a particular knowledge field ha...