Out of 63 Nayanmars 3 Females are Placed. Among them Karaikal Ammaiyar, Mangaiyarkarasiyar, Isaignaniyar. The main reason for the development devotional literature is karaikal Ammaiyar. She precocions. To give equal rights to women be leader (Thalaivi) mother (Natraai) Friend (Thozhi) nurse (Sevili) doing sangam period. Goddess who lived, in fourth and fifth centuries AD, worshiped Lord Shiva a...

mohammad akram (ghanimat-e-konjahi) was from gujarat, india and lived during the era of alamgir king (eleventh and twelfth centuries). in his poetry, one can find new ideas and delicate senses especially in his neirang-e-eshgh, which is also known as ghanimat. his complete collection of poetry consists of lyrics, elegies and quatrains. in his poetry, ghanimat has followed great masters of poetr...

nuṣayrī-‘alawī is a shiite sect that the extremist-esoteric approach among them is highly visible. due to the mysterious nature of such these esoteric movements, a little work of nuṣayrī heritage is available to the public. a collection entitled silsilat al-turāth al-‘alawī has published in recent years which includes an abundant works of  nuṣayrī heritage. ḥaqāiq asrār al-dīn is one of them th...

in the post-islamic era, factors such as constructing the city of baghdad, flourishing of trade, and hajj travels prospered the roadways of the eastern world of islam, which mainly passed through iran, providing for the safety and welfare of these roads were among the significant issues. in the third and fourth centuries a.h., each part of the above-mentioned connecting roads was located in the...

For Muslims, the tawatur of the Quran—the fact that it has been massively and consecutively transmitted from generation to generation since the time of the Prophet—is among the most important proofs which shows that the Qur’an we have today is the same scripture that was revealed to the Prophet. However, this proof has been neglected in the studies of Western scholars on the topic of t...

This article aims to show which extent the Arab and Muslim historians geographers are aware of familiar with Byzantine empire’s territories (Roman territories), their information about its administrative military divisions in first eight Hijri centuries (8-14 AD), is period Roman were under rule, later by Seljuk who dominated these after Battle Manzikert 463 AH / 1071 AD, before submission Otto...

The Vadinienses were a Cantabrian people who lived between the first and fourth centuries in the north of the Iberian Peninsula, northeast of the present province of León and the corresponding part of the current territory of Asturias. In this paper we study the possible causes of illness and death of the Vadinienses represented in their gravestones. The analysis of Vadinienses epitaphs shows t...