This paper presents a practical risk assessment methodology to provide drinking water infrastructure (DWI) decision-makers with an objective risk assessment tool. The purpose of this risk assessment tool is to maintain the desired level-of-service or systems reliability [r(f)], while managing the financial uncertainty of the expected budgetary impact within the capital improvement program (CIP)...

Mandatory alcohol testing programs for motor carrier drivers were implemented in the United States in 1995 and have not been adequately evaluated. Using data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System during 1982-2006, the authors assessed the effectiveness of mandatory alcohol testing programs in reducing alcohol involvement in fatal motor carrier crashes. The study sample consisted of 69,295...

A comparison of the time series of alcohol-related accidents and of those not caused by drinking and driving, reveals a much greater decrease in alcoholrelated accidents than would have been expected based on the usual method of consideration: compared to 1980, alcohol-related accidents in the old federal states (i.e. in west Germany) decreased by 33 % in 1990, whereas the accidents not involvi...

design principles meets the real world The main reason, IAB argued, why it favoured CLNP was that it was necessary for the Internet to find a solution very soon (IAB 1992, p. 14). CLNP is a protocol which “is already specified, and several implementations exist” so it “will avoid design of a new protocol from scratch, a process that would consume valuable time and delay testing and deployment.”...

where b ranges over a set BExp of boolean expressions, a ranges over a set Act of basic actions and p is a real number with 0 < p < 1. We write cond(b, P,Q) for the conditional usually denoted as if b then P else Q fi and while(b, P ) for the while loop usually denoted as while b do P od The program P8Q nondeterministically executes either P or Q. The program P p⊕Q executes P with probability p...

We searched the drink-drive control literature over the past three decades, finding over six thousand documents. After detailed review of the abstracts and papers, 125 studies contained separate empirical evaluations of the effects of 12 DWI control policies and enforcement efforts (administrative license suspension, illegal per se, implied consent, preliminary breath test, mandatory jail sente...

Driving while impaired (DWI) is a grave and persistent high-risk behavior. Previous work demonstrated that DWI recidivists had attenuated cortisol reactivity compared to non-DWI drivers. This suggests that cortisol is a neurobiological marker of high-risk driving. The present study tested the hypothesis that this initial finding would extend to first-time DWI (fDWI) offenders compared to non-DW...

A DWI prevention program for driving schools consisting of a videotape, slides, a textbook, and a manual was developed and evaluated. Effects of the program on knowledge, attitude, behavior intention, and self-reported DWI behavior were measured by means of a pretest, posttest, one-year follow-up evaluation design. Two-hundred and eight driving school students followed the program and participa...

Legal sanctions, whether administered by the courts or by State licensing agencies, NC central to deterrence-based policies for reducing alcohol-impaired driving. They are the punishments threatened in support of the law’s mandate. Examples are fines, license actions such as suspension and revocation, jail sentences, and alternatives such as community service. Deterrence theory posits that sanc...

In relational semantics, the input-output semantics of a program is a relation on its set of states. We generalize this in considering elements of Kleene algebras as semantical values. In a nondeterministic context, the demonic semantics is calculated by considering the worst behavior of the program. In this paper, we concentrate on while loops. Calculating the semantics of a loop is difficult,...