critics often do not provide similiar definitions to literature_and those they give put emphasis on elements which separates literature from other arts . every literary work is consisted of five elements، namely, scntiments , imaginatios, thoughts ,music and style sentiments provide artistic immortality and everfreshness to a literary work ,imagination is avehicle which carries sentiment and ma...

russian formalists made great changes in the literary critics in the 20th century putting forth subjects like defamiliarization and foregrounding. their purpose was to establish an independent science for studying literary works. however, they went to extremes so that they laid external factors aside and tried to find literariness solely in the text. although the holy quran is not a literary te...

Shortly after the publication of La Madone des sleepings in 1925, Maurice Dekobra became a household name among Dutch readers and critics. By mapping the critical reception of Dekobra’s novel in the Netherlands, this article explores the attitudes of Dutch journalists and critics towards popular French literature during the interwar period. Which conceptions of literature and culture were invol...

Introduction. The transformation of the animal from the Other of Cartesian modernity to a central actor in late modern culture has been registered in recent literary and cultural studies, such as Huggan and Tiffin’s Postcolonial Ecocriticism: Literature, Animals, Environment and Philip Armstrong’s What Animals Mean in the Fiction of Modernity. Literary texts, as Armstrong claims, have for a lon...

  Social capital as a concept which is related to social contextand as a new element besides other factors like environmental, Genetic and individual factors has attracted interests of professional and authorities in national and international levels. This approach has attracted attentions in low-income countries which have source limitations for interventions. This paper introduces concepts re...