Study designs and other criteria for inclusion in the review A systematic review of the literature does not appear to have been undertaken. The authors reported the design of two of the primary studies that were used as the main sources of evidence. One was a retrospective cohort of 382 women recruited at 3 hospitals in the region of Mwanza. The other was a prospective cohort of ANC attendees w...

Sensory information that arises in orofacial organs facilitates exploratory, ingestive, and defensive behaviors that are essential to overall fitness and survival. Because the hypothalamus plays an important role in the execution of these behaviors, sensory signals conveyed by the trigeminal nerve must be available to this brain structure. Recent anatomical studies have shown that a large numbe...

SKN-1/Nrf are the primary antioxidant/detoxification response transcription factors in animals and they promote health and longevity in many contexts. SKN-1/Nrf are activated by a remarkably broad-range of natural and synthetic compounds and physiological conditions. Defining the signaling mechanisms that regulate SKN-1/Nrf activation provides insights into how cells coordinate responses to str...

Nicotine evokes pain in the skin and oral mucosa and excites a subpopulation of cutaneous nociceptors, but little is known about the central transmission of chemogenic pain. We have investigated the responses of lumbar spinal wide dynamic range (WDR)-type dorsal horn neurons to intracutaneous (ic) microinjection of nicotine in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. Nearly all (97%) units responded to...

Activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the spinal dorsal horn has been shown to be essential for the initiation of central sensitization and the hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurons in chronic pain. However, whether the spinal NR2B-containing NMDA (NMDA-2B) receptors are involved still remains largely unclear. Using behavioral test and in vivo extracellular electrophysiologi...

BACKGROUND To investigate the association between dietary components and development of chronic diabetic complications, the dietary evaluation should include a long period, months or years. The present manuscript aims to develop a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a portfolio with food photos to assess the usual intake pattern of Brazilian patients with type 2 diabetes to be u...