One of the Millennium Development Goals of the United Nations has been " To ensure environmental sustainability " , which includes the target of a 50% reduction by 2015 of " …the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation ". This year 147 countries have met the drinking water target, 95 countries have met the sanitation target, and 77 cou...

Water stress is among the dominant yield limiting factors in global crop production. Better drought resistance is therefore a key challenge for breeding and crop management. Avoidance of water stress by effective root water uptake is considered a promising approach to yield stability in water limiting environments. Water uptake efficiency is the result of multiple plant root traits that dynamic...

A unified model for reverberation and submerged target scattering in a stratified medium is developed from wave theory. The advantage of the unified approach is that it enables quantitative predictions to be made of the target-echo-to-reverberation ratio in an ocean waveguide. Analytic expressions are derived for both deterministic and stochastic scattering from the seafloor and subseafloor. As...

Abstract Low Frequency Analysis and Recording Fixing (LOFIX) is a conventional method for localization of underwater target using multiple omnidirectional passive sonobuoys. The key LOFIX the relationship between received signal strength each sonobuoy target-sonobuoys distance. However, fluctuation sound field deduced by ocean environment often degrades performance significantly. To solve this ...