Trade plays an increasingly important role in the global food system, which is projected to be strained by population growth, economic development, and climate change. For this reason, there has been a surge of interest in the water resources embodied in international trade, referred to as ‘‘global virtual water trade.’’ In this paper, we present a comprehensive assessment of virtual water flow...

The main challenge in the field of water distribution systems (WDS) is (re)designing network order to achieve savings. In many systems, there are pumping stations designed for much larger flows than what would be observed under normal operating conditions. On other hand, reducing diameter pipes has become saving method. Designers very often forget design so that it can used fire protection purp...

background: nowadays, due to increased public awareness about water pollution and water borne diseases as well as water network deficiencies, bottled water consumers have increased dramatically worldwide, including iran. pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic human pathogen capable of causing widespread infections in burn and immune-compromised patients. the aim of this study was to investi...

this paper examines the relationship between domestic water sources, demand and associated problems in the context of a rapidly increasing household population in nassarawa eggon town, nasarawa state, nigeria. the data for this research were generated using a questionnaire survey of systematically selected households, and analysed using descriptive statistics in the form of frequencies and perc...

Background: Continuous expansion of potable water pollution sources is one of the main concerns of water suppliers, therefore measures such as water safety plan (WSP), have been taken into account to control these sources of pollution. The aim of this study was to identify probable risks and threatening hazards to drinking water quality in Lighvan village along with assessment of bank filtratio...

lack of sewage collection systems, percolation of surface waters, and seepage of wells have raised the groundwater table in shiraz area in the south of iran. the growing population generates environmental pollution resulting in the degradation of the quality of surface and groundwaters used for agriculture. inorganic and organic pollutants have been traced in shiraz water resources. heavy metal...