in this study, stability of geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining walls investigated using plaxis code that is based on finite element method. the effects of axial stiffness, length and vertical space between geosynthetic layers, internal friction angle of soil wall and cohesion of foundation on deformations of wall and maximum axial force of geosynthetic have been investigated. results of ana...

Rabbits were injected with cell walls obtained from crown-gall tumor tissue or the corresponding cell walls from normal potato tissue. The serum obtained from rabbits 53 days after they were injected with tumor cell walls contained immunoglobins that reacted with both tumor and normal cell walls as well as with the cells from the inciting strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. When this serum was...

Rammed earth (RE) is attracting renewed interest throughout the world thanks to its "green" characteristics in the context of sustainable building. In this study, the ageing effects on RE material are studied on the walls which have been constructed and exposed for 22 years to natural weathering. First, mechanical characteristics of the "old" walls were determined by two approaches: in-situ dyn...

Ferroelectric domain walls constitute a completely new class of sheet-like functional material. Moreover, since domain walls are generally writable, erasable and mobile, they could be useful in functionally agile devices: for example, creating and moving conducting walls could make or break electrical connections in new forms of reconfigurable nanocircuitry. However, significant challenges exis...

To better understand the response of domain walls to current-induced spin transfer torques, we have directly imaged the internal magnetic structure of domain walls in current-carrying ferromagnetic nanostripes. Domain wall images were acquired both while a constant current was flowing through the wire, and after applying current pulses. Domain walls ranging from vortex walls in wide 1 m wires t...

In this letter we obtain the finite-temperature structure of 180◦ domain walls in PbTiO3 using a quasi-harmonic–lattice dynamics approach. We obtain the temperature dependence of the atomic structure of domain walls from 0K up to room temperature. We also show that both Pb-centered and Ti-centered 180◦ domain walls are thicker at room temperature; domain wall thickness at T = 300K is about thre...

Design of shear walls is a complex procedure, especially if the cross section of the shear wall is not regular in shape. Shear walls are usually treated like cantilevers fixed at the foundation level. Normally, lift wells are designed as shear walls. The design of shear walls takes horizontal forces into account by shear and bending. Design for shear in the walls can be managed by computing the...

failure of the quay walls due to earthquakes results in severe economic loss. because of hazards threatening such inexpensive nodes of national and international transportation networks, seismic design of quay walls is still an evolving topic in marine structural engineering. this study investigates the sensitivity of the gravity-type quay wall stability respect to uncertain soil and seismic pr...