INTRODUCTION Microvascular reactivity is decreased in patients with septic shock; this is associated with worse clinical outcomes. The objectives of the present study were to investigate microvascular reactivity in cardiac surgery patients and to assess any association with clinical outcomes. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed a prospectively collected registry. In total, 254 consecutive adu...

Successful linguistic processing requires efficient encoding of successively-occurring auditory input in a time-constrained manner, especially under noisy conditions. In this study we examined the early neural response dynamics to rapidly-presented successive syllables in schizophrenia participants and healthy comparison subjects, and investigated the effects of noise on these responses. We use...

Although interactivity is considered a fundamental principle of cognitive (and computational) models of reading, it has received far less attention in neural models of reading that instead focus on serial stages of feed-forward processing from visual input to orthographic processing to accessing the corresponding phonological and semantic information. In particular, the left ventral occipito-te...

In spoken syllables such as "ta," the interval between the release of the tongue constriction for the stop consonant /t/ and the onset of the vowel is called voice onset time, or VOT. Voice onset time is an important determinant of whether the initial consonant will be heard as a /t/(values of 60-90 ms) or as a /d/ (values of 0-30 ms). VOT information, immediately following a spoken syllable, c...

A detailed analysis of the phonetic structures of Aleut, a moribund language spoken in Alaska, shows how much general phonetic information can be gathered from the investigation of an endangered language. Aleut has an unusual distribution of consonants, with varying functional loads. There are no bilabial stops. Among alveolar, velar and uvular stops, VOT is shorter for alveolar than for velar ...

This study examines the influence of lexical tone upon voice onset time (VOT) in Mandarin and Hakka. Examination of VOT values for Mandarin and Hakka word-initial stops /p, t, k, p, t, k/ followed by three vowels /i, u, a/ in different lexical tones revealed that lexical tone has a significant influence on the VOTs. The result is important because it suggests that future studies should take its...

Cross-language studies have shown that Voice Onset Time (VOT) is a sufficient cue to separate initial stop consonants into phonemic categories. The present study used VOT as a linguistic cue in examining the perception and production of stop consonants in three groups of subjects: unilingual Canadian French, unilingual Canadian English, and bilingual French-English speakers. Perception was stud...

Seoul Korean is currently undergoing a tonogenetic sound change wherein the traditional consonantal VOT cue has been replaced by the previously intrinsic f0 of the following vowel. This study makes use of a recently available apparent-time corpus of speech to examine how this change has unfolded across the lexicon. In particular, we examine the effect of word frequency to determine whether the ...

Just over fifty years ago, Lisker and Abramson proposed a straightforward measure of acoustic differences among stop consonants of different voicing categories, voice onset time (VOT). Since that time, hundreds of studies have used this method. Here, we review the original definition of VOT, propose some extensions to the definition, and discuss some problematic cases. We propose a set of terms...

Waima’a is a little known language spoken in East Timor. From a typological perspective, its stop system is unusual for an Austronesian language: it has a fourway stop system which includes a set of voiceless ejectives. In this paper, we report on the results of our first experimental investigation of Waima’a, in which ejectives and pulmonic voiceless aspirated and unaspirated stops are compare...