San Salvador Metropolitan Area (MASS) is an urbanized territory in the country of El Salvador, located between volcano and Ilopango caldera, a sub-flat area called “Valle de las Hamacas” (Valley Hammocks). The high seismicity this due to subduction zone Cocos plate that causes strong seismic events such as earthquakes occurred on 13 January (7.6 Mw) February 2001 (6.6 Mw). As part international...

Huge landslides, mobilizing hundreds to thousands of km(3) of sediment and rock are ubiquitous in submarine settings ranging from the steepest volcanic island slopes to the gentlest muddy slopes of submarine deltas. Here, we summarize current knowledge of such landslides and the problems of assessing their hazard potential. The major hazards related to submarine landslides include destruction o...

Periods of exceptional climate change in Earth history are associated with a dynamic response from the geosphere, involving enhanced levels of potentially hazardous geological and geomorphological activity. The response is expressed through the adjustment, modulation or triggering of a broad range of surface and crustal phenomena, including volcanic and seismic activity, submarine and subaerial...

A multi-hazard, multi-vulnerability impact model has been developed for application to European volcanoes that could significantly damage human settlements. This impact model is based on volcanological analyses of the potential hazards and hazard intensities coupled with engineering analyses of the vulnerability to these hazards of residential buildings in four European locations threatened by ...

With the recent eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyafallajökull and resulting ash cloud over much of Europe there was considerable concern about possible respiratory hazards. Volcanic ash can contain minerals that are known human respiratory health hazards such as cristobalite. Short-term ash exposures can cause skin sores, respiratory and ocular irritations and exacerbation of pre-existing lu...

Among the various hazards created by nature on the earth’s surface, the one caused by flood and river bank erosion is more common and quite devastating. Like, earthquake and volcanic eruptions, it also affects human activities in various ways wherever it occurs. Erosion, transportation and deposition are the main functions of a river. Through these activities, it creates different landforms and...

[1] Sintering and densification are ubiquitous processes influencing the emplacement of both effusive and explosive products of volcanic eruptions. Here we sinter ash-size fragments of a synthetic National Institute of Standards and Technology viscosity standard glass at temperatures at which the resultant melt has a viscosity of ∼108-109 Pa.s at 1bar to assess sintering dynamics under near-sur...

Volcanic eruptions are major natural disturbances with varied and complex consequences. Recent studies of how plants colonize newly created volcanic surfaces already have begun to clarify our understanding of succession. Because volcanoes create disturbance mosaics, it is imperative that we more fully understand the biotic responses. The 1883 eruption of Krakatau captured the world’s imaginatio...

The animation of volcanic smoke is useful for natural disaster simulations, entertainments, etc. In this paper, we propose a model to generate realistic animations of the volcanic smoke. The model is designed by taking the eruption magnitude decided by the eruption velocity and the initial volcanic smoke density, the buoyancy generated by the difference between the volcanic smoke density and th...

Volcanic edifice construction at the Earth's surface significantly 3 modifies the stress field within the underlying crust with two main implica