Natural hazards including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis have been significant threats to humans throughout recorded history. Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS; including the Global Positioning System (GPS)) receivers have become primary sensors to measure signatures associated with natural hazards. These signatures typically include GPS-derived seismic deformation measure...

[1] Knowledge about the properties of silicate melts is needed by volcanologists and petrologists to evaluate the dynamics of volcanic eruptions and magmatic processes. These properties include the solubility and diffusivity of volatile components in silicate melts, silicate melt viscosity, and the fragmentation condition. Data and models of each property are reviewed and assessed. For rhyoliti...

*Correspondence: Katharine Cashman, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK e-mail: [email protected] An emerging challenge in modern volcanology is the apparent contradiction between the perception that every volcano is unique, and classification systems based on commonalities among volcano morphology and eruptive style. On the one hand, detailed stu...

The rapid discharge of gas and rock fragments during volcanic eruptions generates acoustic infrasound. Here we present results from the inversion of infrasound signals associated with small and moderate gas-and-ash explosions at Santiaguito volcano, Guatemala, to retrieve the time history of mass eruption rate at the vent. Acoustic waveform inversion is complemented by analyses of thermal infra...

Volcanic eruptions recorded in the Illimani ice core (Bolivia): 1918–1998 and Tambora periods M. De Angelis, J. Simões , H. Bonnaveira, J.-D. Taupin, and R. J. Delmas LGGE, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble-Saint Martin d’Hères, France Institute of Geosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil LGGE, IRD, Grenoble-Saint Martin d’Hères, France Received: 3 F...

Extended observations of volcanic SO2 and sulfate aerosol in the stratosphere S. A. Carn, N. A. Krotkov, K. Yang, R. M. Hoff, A. J. Prata, A. J. Krueger, S. C. Loughlin, and P. F. Levelt Joint Center for Earth Systems Technology (JCET), University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD 21250, USA Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology (GEST) center, UMBC, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA Nor...

The orientation of crustal seismic anisotropy changed at least twice by up to 80 degrees because of volcanic eruptions at Ruapehu Volcano, New Zealand. These changes provide the basis for a new monitoring technique and possibly for future midterm eruption forecasting at volcanoes. The fast anisotropic direction was measured during three seismometer deployments in 1994, 1998, and 2002, providing...

Many of the world's largest volcanic eruptions are associated with geological rifting where major fractures open at the Earth's surface, yet fundamental controls on the near-surface response to the rifting process are lacking. New high resolution observations gleaned from seismometer data during the 2014 Bárðarbunga basaltic dyke intrusion in Iceland allow us unprecedented access to the associa...

We investigated the mechanism of atmospheric oscillations with periods of about 300 s which were observed for the 1991 Pinatubo and the 1982 E1 Chich6n eruptions. Two distinct spectral peaks, at T=270 and 230 s for the Pinatubo eruption and at T=195 and 266 s for the E1 Chich6n eruptions, have been reported. We found similar oscillations for the 1980 Mount St. Helens and the 1883 Krakatoa erupt...

Among volcanoes reawakening after long repose intervals, the final approach to eruption (V1^10 days) is usually characterised by accelerating rates of seismicity. The observed patterns are consistent with the slow extension of faults, which continue to grow until they connect a pre-existing array of subvertical fractures and so open a new pathway for magma to reach the surface. Rates of slow ex...