A pure CMOS threshold voltage reference (VTR) circuit achieves temperature(T) coefficient of 5 μV/°C (T=-60~+100 °C) and supply voltage(VDD) sensitivity of 0.1 mV/V (VDD=3~5 V). The combination of subthreshold current characteristics and different operating modes in n-MOSFETs provides a small voltage and temperature dependence. A feedback scheme from the reference output to gates of n-MOSFETs n...

Lowering VDD during standby mode reduces power by decreasing both voltage and current. Measurements of a 0.13 m testchip show that reducing VDD to near the point where state is lost gives the best power savings. We propose closed-loop voltage scaling that uses “canary” flip-flops for achieving these savings. This approach provides over 2X higher savings than optimal open-loop approaches without...

The subthreshold regime is a critical biasing space as it enables minimum energy operation for logic circuits [1]. However, practical systems rely heavily on SRAMs, which conventionally limit the minimum VDD to above Vt. SRAMs often dominate the total die area and power, and minimizing their energy requires scaling VDD as low as possible. In this work, a 256kb SRAM in 65nm CMOS is presented tha...

INTRODUCTION With aging, the sensory systems suffer an accumulation of degenerative, infectious and/or traumatic processes that may hinder the body balance maintenance. OBJECTIVE To assess the influence of sensory information on static body balance of elderly individuals with vestibular disorders. METHODS Cross-sectional study of elderly individuals with vestibular disorders. The Clinical T...

We developed a model to demonstrate how a hopping kangaroo breathes. Interestingly, a kangaroo uses less energy to breathe while hopping than while standing still. This occurs, in part, because rather than using muscle power to move air into and out of the lungs, air is pulled into (inspiration) and pushed out of (expiration) the lungs as the abdominal organs "flop" within the kangaroo's body. ...

Increasing evidence indicates that vitamin D deficiency exacerbates chronic kidney injury, but its effects on renal enlargement in polycystic kidney disease (PKD) are not known. In this study, male Lewis polycystic kidney disease (LPK) rats received a normal diet (ND; AIN-93G) supplemented with or without cholecalciferol (vitamin D-deficient diet, VDD; both 0.5% calcium), commenced at either po...

BACKGROUND Atrial endocrine function was established in the second half of the 20th century, confirming the role of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the physiology of the cardiovascular system. The present study was undertaken to evaluate changes in ANP and echocardiographic parameters within the first month after VVI and DDD pacemaker implantation and to ...

We report on the fabrication and operation of the first electrically pumped 1.55m vertical-cavity laser array for wavelength-division-multiplexing applications. The array consisted of four channels operating between 1509 and 1524 nm. Wafer bonding was used to integrate GaAs–AlGaAs distributed Bragg reflectors with an InP–InGaAsP active region.

OBJECTIVE To review the indications for, surgical techniques of, and results of vertical lobule division (VLD) of the alar cartilages. DESIGN Prospective study of patients assigned to undergo variations of VLD of the lower lateral cartilages. SETTING Private facial plastic surgery practice in a major university teaching hospital. PATIENTS Twenty-four patients who underwent variations of V...

This paper proposes an error-tolerant reconfigurable VDD (R-VDD) scaled SRAM architecture, which significantly reduces the read and hold power using supply voltage scaling technique. The data-dependent low-power 10T (D2LP10T) cell is used for R-VDD architecture with improved stability lower consumption. developed to avoid unessential scaling. In this work, cells are implemented analyzed conside...