silver has been known and used as a potent antimicrobial and wound healing agent since ancient time. silver compounds have had other ancient applications through which greeks, romans and egyptians had used silver compounds as food and water preservative. silver and silver-based antimicrobials were put away after the discovery of antibiotics. meanwhile, with almost a century application of antib...

The fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora can be considered a psychrotrophic bacterial species since it can grow at temperatures ranging from 4 °C to 37 °C, with an optimum of 28 °C. In many plant pathogens the expression of virulence determinants is restricted to a certain range of temperatures. In the case of E. amylovora, temperatures above 18 °C are required for blossom blight epidemics un...

Dried fruits are popular ready-to-eat snacks. However, due to cross-contamination or contact with infected persons, E. coli could be present, of which some strains pathogenic, thus, the consumption contaminated dried pose a public health risk. Microbial cells subjected stress factors such as osmotic shock, radiation and antimicrobials induce complex response systems adaptation. Radiation...

Unculturable and non-sporulting fungi represent a great challenge instudying biotrophic, endotrophic mycorrhizal fungal groups. In thisstudy collection of soil sample from region Aziz Awa in sulaimaniprovince using culture-dependent culture in-dependenttechniques for cultivation unculturable the purpose ofexpanding studies on biodiversity soil. Sabouraud DextroseAgar with supplement as pyridoxi...