PURPOSE The purpose of this module is to review the main ultrasound-guided approaches used for regional anesthesia of the upper limb. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The anatomical configuration of the upper limb, with nerves often bundled around an artery, makes regional anesthesia of the arm both accessible and reliable. In-depth knowledge of upper limb anatomy is required to match the blocked territory...

We report the case of a male, low birth weight, stillborn fetus of 36 weeks gestation with limb body wall complex. An interesting and rare feature noted in the propositus was the absence of the left subclavian artery and complete absence of the left upper limb. These findings seem to favor the vascular theory in the pathogenesis of this condition.

Objective: The research is to explore the success rate and safety of axillary reverse mapping (ARM) and the effect on the function and lymphedema of ipsilateral upper limb, and to investigate the quality-of-life of patients with breast cancer after operation, as well as to explore the related factors affecting the success rate of ARM. Methods: In operation of 60 cases of female patients with en...

BACKGROUND Traumatic vascular injuries of the extremities are a major challenge especially in the third world countries. These injuries are mostly due to poor traffic laws, street crimes, firearms and blast associated injuries. We therefore would like to share our 10 years of experience in dealing with vascular injuries in Pakistan. METHODS This was a retrospective observational study conduct...

Objectives: Mirror therapy is a unique treatment with a touch of modality that is purported to improve the motor function of the affected limb in individuals with hemiplegia. Previous studies have focused on the neuro-physiological factors underlying the mechanism of the clinical effect of this technique. The present study aims to understand the mechanism using the rehabilitation method and neu...

BACKGROUND There are a number of indications for total joint replacement surgery, mainly degenerative changes with limited function, rheumatoid arthritis, post-traumatic changes, arthropathy accompanying rotator cuff injuries. Problems in the rehabilitation of patients following partial or total shoulder joint replacement surgery result from the anatomy and biomechanics of the shoulder, includi...