Lagrangian of a massive particle with spin 3 2 is considered in the Rarita-Schwinger formalism. We discuss implications of the contactand the gauge-transformation on the physical content of free and interacting theories. It is shown that the “contact-invariance” is trivial and has no physical relevance. The requirement of the gauge-invariance of the free lagrangian fixes the off-shell lower-spi...

In this paper we conduct a general, model-independent analysis of the running gauge couplings within closed string theories. Unlike previous discussions in literature, our calculations fully respect underlying modular invariance and include contributions from infinite towers states which are ultimately responsible for many properties theory is famous, including an enhanced degree finiteness $\m...

We investigate the Penrose limit of various brane solutions including Dp-branes, NS5-branes, fundamental strings, (p, q) fivebranes and (p, q) strings. We obtain special null geodesics with the fixed radial coordinate (critical radius), along which the Penrose limit gives string theories with constant mass. We also study string theories with time-dependent mass, which arise from the Penrose lim...

Statically parsing shell scripts is, due to various peculiarities of the shell language, a challenge. One of the difficulties is that the shell language is designed to be executed by intertwining reading chunks of syntax with semantic actions. We have analyzed a corpus of 31.521 POSIX shell scripts occurring as maintainer scripts in the Debian GNU/Linux distribution. Our parser, which makes use...

A bstract We study gauge theories of background fields associated to BRST quantized spinning particle models and identify background-independent algebraic structures which allow systematically reduce the spectrum subject some them dynamical equations motion. More specifically, we construct a manifestly extension model based on N = 2 particle. The resulting system describes an on-shell spin-1 fi...

We capture the off-shell as well as the on-shell nilpotent Becchi-Rouet-StoraTyutin (BRST) and anti-BRST symmetry invariance of the Lagrangian densities of the four (3 + 1)-dimensional (4D) (non-)Abelian 1-form gauge theories within the framework of the superfield formalism. In particular, we provide the geometrical interpretations for (i) the above nilpotent symmetry invariance, and (ii) the a...

We capture the off-shell as well as the on-shell nilpotent Becchi-Rouet-StoraTyutin (BRST) and anti-BRST symmetry invariance of the Lagrangian densities of the four (3 + 1)-dimensional (4D) (non-)Abelian 1-form gauge theories within the framework of the superfield formalism. In particular, we provide the geometrical interpretations for (i) the above nilpotent symmetry invariance, and (ii) the a...

This paper presents a visual shell-scripting tool that enables creation of Unix shell scripts from individual components that wrap various Unix programs. A usability study was conducted to compare programming using VisualDesktop with traditional shell script programming. Extensions to this tool to include software patterns, or templates, for both experienced and novice programmers are

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been performed on a number of Schiff base structures related to the retinal Schiff base in bacteriorhodopsin (BR). The proton affinity (PA) of the Schiff base group was calculated in species with different lengths of the conjugated double-bond system and at different cis/trans isomerization states. The results show that the length of the conjuga...