the electrical conductivity of the earth is its physical parameter, which can be studied in global scales. the investigations of the earth's electrical conductivity are based on geomagnetic field variations. time variations of the geomagnetic field consist of long-term and short-term (transient) variations. external sources induce electric currents into the earth. the induced electric curr...

A different approach to studying solar spectral irradiance (SSI) variations, without the need for long-term (multi-year) instrument degradation corrections, is examining the total energy of the irradiance variation during 6-month periods. This duration is selected because a solar active region typically appears suddenly and then takes 5 to 7 months to decay and disperse back into the quiet-Sun ...

From satellite observations the solar total irradiance is known to vary. Sunspot blocking, facular emission, and network emission are three identified causes for the variations. In this paper we examine several different solar indices measured over the past century that are potential proxy measures for the Sun's irradiance. These indices are (1) the equatorial solar rotation rate, (2) the sunsp...

Background: The increasing evidences show that global depletion of stratospheric ozone layer is caused by pollutant and growing incidence of the skin cancer and cataract is related to the amounts of solar UV radiation reaching the earth ׳s surface. Therefore, the main driving force behind such efforts has been the lack of an appropriate network in scope monitoring of the terrestrial UV...

There may be differences between this version and the published version. You are advised to consult the publisher's version if you wish to cite from it. Near Earth asteroids represent a wealth of material resources to support future space ventures. These resources include water from C-type asteroids for crew logistic support; liquid propellants electrolytically cracked from water to fuel crewed...

1. Renewable Wind and Solar Energies: The Context 1.1. An Economical and Environmental Necessity 1.2. Energy Definitions and Units 2. Basic Knowledge in Geophysics for Energy Resource Evaluation 2.1. Earth Energy Budget and Atmospheric Motion 2.2. Near Surface Wind 2.3. Impacts of Clouds and Aerosols on Surface Solar Radiation 3. Wind Energy Resource 3.1. Wind Energy: A Brief History 3.2. Wind ...

Long-duration observations of Neptune’s brightness in two visible wavelengths provide a disk-averaged estimate of its atmospheric aerosol. Brightness variations were previously associated with the 11-year solar cycle, through solar-modulated mechanisms linked with either ultra-violet (UV) or galactic cosmic ray (GCR) effects on atmospheric particles. Here we use a recently extended brightness d...

Abstract This article has two main objectives: (i) to elucidate the impact of non-dipolar part geomagnetic field on spatial distribution cosmic radiation received over globe, and (ii) establish influence particles (with different origin energies) atmospheric ozone profile. Our analyses show more evidence that lower stratospheric at subtropics is sensitive trapped by filed in Van-Allen belts. At...

the main driving force of the earth atmospheric system is solar radiation. radiation flux determines the surface temperature and impacts life on the earth through photosynthesis. a quantitative knowledge of the earth radiation field is important to evaluate the atmosphere–surface interactions and the global hydrological cycle. various atmospheric radiative transfer models have been proposed in ...