This paper investigates the hedging effectiveness of time-varying hedge ratios in the agricultural commodities futures markets based on four different versions of the GARCH models. The GARCH models applied are the standard bivariate GARCH, the bivariate BEKK GARCH, the bivariate GARCH-X and the bivariate BEKK GARCH-X. The GARCH-X and the BEKK GARCH-X models are uniquely different from the other...

The ultimate chemical fate of the conventional fossil fuel combustion is always CO2 and H2O, two wellknown greenhouse gases responsible for contributing considerably to the global warming. We propose a radically new concept where CO2 and H2O are converted into carbon monoxide and hydrogen (individually) at one hand and into syngas (if present together; a more likely scenario) under mild experim...

1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) is an inhibitor of ethylene perception. It binds irreversibly to the ethylene receptors and inhibits downstream processes that are controlled by ethylene. In the area of postharvest this means many ripening processes of climacteric fruits, such as softening, color and aroma development, respiration increase and organic acid decrease are inhibited. However, beyond th...

— In challenging the conventional wisdom at the time, Singer and Prebisch posited a number of explanations for declining terms of trade of developing economies, including both countryand product-specific factors. Over the past decade, we have begun to witness a simultaneous process of price differentiation within commodities (with the prices of some commodities increasing) and within manufactur...

In recent years there has been much interest in alternative sources of income for farmers. This is because economic theory suggests that demand for agricultural commodities is inelastic so that, as incomes in society as a whole increase, those of farmers do not necessarily keep pace Ð hence the current problems with falling real farm incomes. In contrast the demand for services is relatively el...

Computational efficiency and First-In-First-Out (FIFO) are both important issues in applications such as dynamic traffic assignment. In this paper, we first show by example the FIFO properties of a computationally efficient commodity-based kinematic wave (CKW) model of network traffic flow. After developing measurements of FIFO violation among commodities in location and time, based on misplace...

I f scientists have their way, “green” beer won’t be limited to St. Patrick’s Day celebrations anymore. Breweries are taking their wastewater, which is rich in organic material, and turning it into electricity with bacteria in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). MFCs can generate valuable commodities from a variety of organic wastes that are abundant and essentially free—bacteria have generated electr...