BACKGROUND The multinational CHOICE (Contraceptive Health Research Of Informed Choice Experience) study evaluated the effects of structured counseling on women's contraceptive decisions, their reasons for making those decisions, and their perceptions of combined hormonal contraceptive (CHC) methods in eleven countries. The aim of this paper to present data from the 1,802 women participating in ...

CONTEXT Publicly funded family planning agencies face significant challenges in delivering quality services to low-income women because of the higher costs of newer contraceptive methods, changes in health care financing and a growing uninsured population. METHODS In 2003, 627 of a nationally representative sample of 956 U.S. agencies receiving public funding for family planning services resp...

We present two cases of female patients with a history of depression who developed depressive symptoms after treatment with hormonal contraceptives (HC) in the form of combined oral contraceptive pill, progestin-only pill and combined contraceptive vaginal ring. The presented two cases are based on the women's medical records complemented by personal interviews. The existing literature on the e...

OBJECTIVE Up to 50% of pregnancies are unintended in the United States, and the healthcare costs associated with pregnancy are the most expensive among hospitalized conditions. The current study aims to assess Medicaid spending on various methods of contraception and on pregnancy care including unintended pregnancies. METHODS We analyzed Medicaid health claims data from 2004 to 2010. Women 14...

Abstract Background HIV risk remains high among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW, ages 15–24) in Tanzania. Many AGYW experience stigma provider bias at health facilities, deterring their use of prevention services. Privately-owned drug shops, ubiquitous many communities, may be an effective accessible channel to deliver products AGYW, including oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) the dap...

Here, a miniaturized wireless sensing vaginal ring for the in situ continuous monitoring of pH and real-time transmission data to smartphone is reported, aimed at diagnosis management bacterial vaginosis, common condition frequently adversely affecting women. The consists bioresorbable fluorescence sensor placed on top polydimethylsiloxane encapsulating driving/readout optoelectronic circuit, a...

let r be an associative ring with unity. an element a in r is said to be r-clean if a = e+r, where e is an idempotent and r is a regular (von neumann) element in r. if every element of r is r-clean, then r is called an r-clean ring. in this paper, we prove that the concepts of clean ring and r-clean ring are equivalent for abelian rings. further we prove that if 0 and 1 are the only idempotents...

let r be an associative ring with unity. an element a in r is said to be r-clean if a = e+r, where e is an idempotent and r is a regular (von neumann) element in r. if every element of r is r-clean, then r is called an r-clean ring. in this paper, we prove that the concepts of clean ring and r-clean ring are equivalent for abelian rings. further we prove that if 0 and 1 are the only idempotents...